Module 1 Review

Question 1

what is a apoenzyme?

Answer 1

the protein component of an enzyme, which requires a cofactor or prosthetic group to be fully active

Question 2

what is a coenzyme?

Answer 2

small non-protein molecules bind to apoenzyme and are required for enzyme function

Question 3

what is a holoenzyme?

Answer 3

an active, complete enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a coenzyme

Question 4

what is an active site (catalytic site)?

Answer 4

a specific area on an enzyme where substrate binds and catalysis takes place

Question 5

all water soluble vitamins are ___________ of enzymes

Answer 5

cofactors/coenzymes

Question 6

what are micronutrients and their function?

Answer 6

• vitamins and minerals
• acts as a coenzyme

Question 7

what are vitamins?

Answer 7

• organic compounds, essential but body cannot make or produce enough

Question 8

what are the types of water soluble vitamins and why do they need to be consumed daily?

Answer 8

• 9 total: 8 B vitamins and vitamin C
• needs to be consumed daily since the body is unable to store it, can lead to deficiency

Question 9

what are the fat-soluble vitamins and how are they absorbed in the body?

Answer 9

• vitamin A, D, E, K
• absorbed in the body via dietary fiber

Question 10

what are non-vitamins?

Answer 10

organic compounds that are not considered vitamins due to the body being able to make enough (also no evidence of deficiency in the body)

Question 11

what are phytochemicals?

Answer 11

natural chemicals found in plants that help protect humans from environmental toxins/metabolic processes

Question 12

what are the dietary factors (5) that are no considered vitamins?

Answer 12

1. lipoic acid
2. coenzyme Q
3. heme
4. isoflavones
5. resveratrol

Question 13

what are minerals? Also list the major minerals and trace minerals

Answer 13

• inorganic, little rock molecules that the body cannot make (from the earth)
• major minerals: Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K
• trace minerals: Fe, Cu, I, Se, Cr, Mr, Mo, Zn

Question 14

how can coenzymes/cofactors act as vitamins/minerals?

Answer 14

due to its ability to facilitate chemical reactions when combine to inactive enzyme

Question 15

define nutritional genomics

Answer 15

• how nutrition/nutrients and genes interact
• nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics
• integration of nutrition genomics and molecular biology

Question 16

what is the goal of nutritional genomics?

Answer 16

help predict nutrition needs for different individuals in the population – personalize nutrition/medicine

Question 17

define nutritional epigenetics

Answer 17

science of how nutrition affects gene expression and chromatin accessibility

Question 18

what is the direct donor of methyl group? (nutritional epigenetics)

Answer 18

SAM; folate

Question 19

what is the direct donor of the acetyl group? (nutritional epigenetics)

Answer 19

acetyl-CoA

Question 20

define genome

Answer 20

the entire set of DNA found inside a cell; chromosomes are structures that store the genomes DNA

Question 21

define gene

Answer 21

DNA sequence, coding sequence to a particular product (46 total; 23 pairs)

Question 22

define gene expression

Answer 22

process where information encoded in a gene is turned into a function

Question 23

define genotype

Answer 23

genetic makeup of characteristic/trait; anything you can measure

Question 24

define phenotype

Answer 24

any physical characteristic/trait that is determined by genotype, environment, and gene expression

Question 25

define polymorphism

Answer 25

presence of 2+ variant forms of specific DNA sequence among different individuals/populations

Question 26

define gene regulation

Answer 26

controls where, when, and how of gene expression

Question 27

what are the transcription factors of gene regulation?

Answer 27

proteins (always have to bind to a DNA)

Question 28

what two vitamin are transcription factors when combined with a response element (RE) to regulate gene expression?

Answer 28

Vitamin A & D

Question 29

what is the product of methylene tetrahydrofolate (THR) reductase (MTHFR)?

Answer 29

5 methyl THF

Question 30

______ individuals show increase homeocysteine in the blood (increases risk of CVD)homocysteine

Answer 30

677TT

Question 31

individuals with 677TT have a hard time generating what?

Answer 31

5 methyl THF

Question 32

list the 5 vitamins we went over in module 1 (and their number)

Answer 32

1. Thiamin (B1)
2. Riboflavin (B2)
3. Niacin (B3)
4. Pantothenic acid (B5)
5. Biotin (B7)