Module 1 Review Flashcards
what is a apoenzyme?
the protein component of an enzyme, which requires a cofactor or prosthetic group to be fully active
what is a coenzyme?
small non-protein molecules bind to apoenzyme and are required for enzyme function
what is a holoenzyme?
an active, complete enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a coenzyme
what is an active site (catalytic site)?
a specific area on an enzyme where substrate binds and catalysis takes place
all water soluble vitamins are ___________ of enzymes
cofactors/coenzymes
what are micronutrients and their function?
- vitamins and minerals
- acts as a coenzyme
what are vitamins?
- organic compounds, essential but body cannot make or produce enough
what are the types of water soluble vitamins and why do they need to be consumed daily?
- 9 total: 8 B vitamins and vitamin C
- needs to be consumed daily since the body is unable to store it, can lead to deficiency
what are the fat-soluble vitamins and how are they absorbed in the body?
- vitamin A, D, E, K
- absorbed in the body via dietary fiber
what are non-vitamins?
organic compounds that are not considered vitamins due to the body being able to make enough (also no evidence of deficiency in the body)
what are phytochemicals?
natural chemicals found in plants that help protect humans from environmental toxins/metabolic processes
what are the dietary factors (5) that are no considered vitamins?
- lipoic acid
- coenzyme Q
- heme
- isoflavones
- resveratrol
what are minerals? Also list the major minerals and trace minerals
- inorganic, little rock molecules that the body cannot make (from the earth)
- major minerals: Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K
- trace minerals: Fe, Cu, I, Se, Cr, Mr, Mo, Zn
how can coenzymes/cofactors act as vitamins/minerals?
due to its ability to facilitate chemical reactions when combine to inactive enzyme
define nutritional genomics
- how nutrition/nutrients and genes interact
- nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics
- integration of nutrition genomics and molecular biology
what is the goal of nutritional genomics?
help predict nutrition needs for different individuals in the population – personalize nutrition/medicine
define nutritional epigenetics
science of how nutrition affects gene expression and chromatin accessibility
what is the direct donor of methyl group? (nutritional epigenetics)
SAM; folate
what is the direct donor of the acetyl group? (nutritional epigenetics)
acetyl-CoA
define genome
the entire set of DNA found inside a cell; chromosomes are structures that store the genomes DNA
define gene
DNA sequence, coding sequence to a particular product (46 total; 23 pairs)
define gene expression
process where information encoded in a gene is turned into a function
define genotype
genetic makeup of characteristic/trait; anything you can measure
define phenotype
any physical characteristic/trait that is determined by genotype, environment, and gene expression
define polymorphism
presence of 2+ variant forms of specific DNA sequence among different individuals/populations
define gene regulation
controls where, when, and how of gene expression
what are the transcription factors of gene regulation?
proteins (always have to bind to a DNA)
what two vitamin are transcription factors when combined with a response element (RE) to regulate gene expression?
Vitamin A & D
what is the product of methylene tetrahydrofolate (THR) reductase (MTHFR)?
5 methyl THF
______ individuals show increase homeocysteine in the blood (increases risk of CVD)homocysteine
677TT
individuals with 677TT have a hard time generating what?
5 methyl THF
list the 5 vitamins we went over in module 1 (and their number)
- Thiamin (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pantothenic acid (B5)
- Biotin (B7)
