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Human Body Systems II (BMSC 208) > Module 1: Respiratory I > Flashcards

Module 1: Respiratory I Flashcards

1
Q

Four primary functions of the respiratory system:

A
  1. Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
  2. Homeostatic regulation of body pH
  3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  4. Vocalization
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2
Q

Air exchange occurs by _____. The 3 principles which govern it are:

A

Bulk flow.

  1. Flow occurs from region of high pressure to low pressure
  2. Muscular pump creates the pressure gradients
  3. Resistance is primarily influenced by diameter of tubes through which air is flowing
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3
Q

What are the 2 functions of the pleural sac? What are the components of the pleural sac?

A
  1. Reduce surface tension
  2. Hold lungs tight to the thoracic wall

The pleural sac is composed of the visceral pleura (attached to lungs), parietal pleura (attached to thoracic wall), and the intrapleural space.

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4
Q

Starting from the nasal cavity or mouth, what path will oxygen follow en-route to the red blood cell? (7)

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Alveoli
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5
Q

What 3 roles do the upper airways and bronchi play in conditioning air? Which type of breathing are these processes more efficient with?

A
  1. Warming
  2. Adding water vapor (via saline)
  3. Filtering out foreign material

These processes are more efficient with nose breathing.

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6
Q

Describe the mucocilliary escalator:

  1. Layers
  2. Direction of movement
  3. What causes movement?
A
  1. The outer layer is mucus, underneath is a layer of saline, and underneath that is the cilia of the epithelial cells
  2. Towards the pharynx
  3. Beating of the cilia
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7
Q

What is cystic fibrosis? What does it cause? What two organs does it primarily effect?

A

A autosomal recessive mutation in the CFTR gene. It causes there to be no saline layer, meaning that mucus cannot be cleared properly. It primarily effects the lungs and pancreas.

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8
Q

About how many alveoli are in an adult respiratory system? How much of the surface area is covered by blood vessels?

A

300-600 million. 80-90%.

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of alveolar cells and what are their roles?

A
  1. Type I alveolar cell: gas exchange (95% of surface area)
  2. Type II alveolar cell: synthesizes surfactant (5% SA)
  3. Alveolar macrophage: ingests foreign material
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10
Q

The pulmonary circuit is said to be a _____ flow, _____ pressure circuit. What is the cause of this pressure?

A

High, low. Low pressure is due to low resistance caused by:

  • Shorter length of circuit
  • More distensible
  • Larger cross sectional area
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11
Q

According to Boyle’s law, what would happen if Palv is greater than Patm?

A

Expiration (exhalation) will occur.

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12
Q

According to Boyle’s law, what would happen if Palv is lower than Patm?

A

Inhalation will occur.

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13
Q

Define tidal volume. What is the volume in mL?

A

The volume of air entering and exciting during quiet respiration (about 500 mL).

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14
Q

What is the formula for total pulmonary ventilation?

A

TPV = tidal volume x frequency of breaths

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15
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume. What is the volume in mL?

A

Additional air that could be inspired after quiet respiration (about 3000 mL).

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16
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume. What is the volume in mL?

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after quiet expiration that can be expired (1110 mL)

17
Q

Define residual volume. What is the volume in mL? What two important purposes does it serve?

A

Air that always remains in the lungs (1200 mL).

  1. Prevents airway collapse
  2. Allows continuous exchange of gases
18
Q

Define total lung capacity. What is the formula?

A

The sum of all 4 volumes

RV + TV + IRV + ERV

19
Q

Define functional residual capacity. What is the formula?

A

The capacity of air remaining after quiet expiration.

ERV + RV

20
Q

Define inspiratory capacity. What is the formula?

A

The maximal amount of air one can inspire.

TV + IRV

21
Q

Define vital capacity. What is the formula?

A

Maximal achievable tidal volume.

IRV + TV + ERV

22
Q

What are the 2 muscles of quiet breathing? Describe what happens as they relax and contract.

A
  1. Diaphragm (60-75%)
    • Relax: exhalation
    • Contract: inhalation
  2. External intercostals and scalenes (pump-handle motion)
    • Up: inhalation
    • Down: exhalation
23
Q

What are the accessory muscles of forced inspiration?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoids: lift the sternum outward
  2. Neck and back muscles: extend back and elevate pectoral girdle which increases thoracic volume
  3. Upper respiratory tract muscles: decrease airway resistance
24
Q

What are the accessory muscles of forced expiration?

A
  1. Abdominal muscles: push organs up into the diaphragm, decreasing thoracic volume
  2. Internal intercostals and triangularis sterni: downward contraction of the ribs
  3. Neck and back muscles: decreases thoracic volume
25
Q

Describe inhalation from the context of movements and pressure changes (2).

A
  1. Diaphargm and inspiratory intercostals contract, causing the thorax to expand.
  2. The intrapleural pressure becomes more subatmospheric cauing the lungs to expand and for the Palv to become subatmospheric, causing air to flow into the alveoli.
26
Q

The pleura acts to hold the lungs in an _____ state.

A

Expanded.

27
Q

Describe exhalation from the context of movements and pressure changes (2).

A
  1. Diaphagm and inspiratory intercostals stop contracting, causing the chest wall to recoil inward, increasing the intrapleural pressure to normal value.
  2. The lungs recoil to preinspiration size, increasing Palv over Patm, causing air to flow out of lungs.
28
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

The stretchability of the lungs.

29
Q

Increased compliance causes _____ exhalation and _____ inhalation. What is an example of a condition that will cause this.

A

Hard, easy. Emphysema.

30
Q

Decreased compliance causes _____ exhalation and _____ inhalation. What is an example of a condition that will cause this.

A

Easy, hard. Pulmonary fibrosis.

31
Q

What are two important determinants of compliance?

A
  1. Elasticity of pulmonary cells
  2. Surface tension at the air water interface
32
Q

What is lung elastance?

A

The ability for the lung to resist being deformed.

33
Q

What are the 2 roles of surfactant?

A
  1. Increased compliance (reduced surface tension)
  2. Ensures alveoli of all size inflate and that alveoli of the same size inflate equally
34
Q

Where does the majority of the airway resistance occur?

A

Trachea and bronchi.

35
Q

What structure in the lungs acts as a location of variable resistance? How?

A

The bronchioles.

  1. Controlled by CO2 levels
    • High: dilation (epinephrine and b2 adrenergic receptors)
    • Low: constriction (M3 muscarinic receptor activates PLC-IP3 pathway)
  2. Histamine from mast cells causes bronchoconstriction
36
Q

Is TPV a good indicator of how much fresh air reaches the alveoli? Why?

A

No, because the air that remains in the conducting air space (anatomical dead space) does not take part in gas exchange (150 mL).

37
Q

What is a better indicator of how much air is reaching the alveoli compared to TPV? What is its formula?

A

Alveolar ventilation.

AV = ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space)

38
Q

In general, TPV is a measure of _____, while AV is a measure of _____.

A

How much air enters the lungs, efficacy.

Human Body Systems II (BMSC 208) (11 decks)

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