Module 1: Readings in Philippine History Flashcards
The word history was derived from what word?
ἱστορί (historia), which means learning and inquiry
What is history in itself?
Sum total of what happened in the past every event, every action, and every thought that a human being has done. The act of analyzing and writing about the past
This pertains to the chronological record of significant events, the study of past events
History
He was an was an English historian, diplomat, journalist and international relations theorist who adhered to the reality that history is the continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the past
EH Carr
According to EH Carr, what was history?
History means interpretation. History is what the historian makes
The word kasaysayan means what?
(1) saysay (narrative or salaysay )
(2) saysay (relevance, importance)
According to him, ang history ay isang salaysay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao (Relevant stories/narrative of the people).
Zeus Salarzar
Why should one study history?
a. Act of leaping from one epoch to another.
b. It provides us the opportunity to revisit the richness of forgotten cultures of past civilizations and reliving it in the present.
c. It gives one the chance to step into the life of every person being studied.
d. Gives time travelling feeling through passages and imagining things.
According to Peter Stearns in the American Historical Association
website, what are more reasons to study history?
A. History helps us understand people and societies
B. History helps us understand change and how society we live in came to be
C. History contributes to moral understanding
D. History provides identity
E. Studying History is Essential for Good Citizenship
What is history as a reconstruction?
The historian is many times removed from the events under investigation Historians rely on surviving records
The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that historical method.
Historiography
He is considered as the Father of Filipino nationalist historiography . He wrote the conditions of the Philippine past by analyzing the conditions of the masses.
Teodoro Agoncillo
What are the important elements of historical method?
- select the subject to investigate
- collect probable sources of information on the subject
- examine the genuineness, in part or in whole.
- extract credible particulars from the sources.
These are objects from the past or testimonies concerning the past on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of that past.
Historical Sources
According to him, historical sources are tangible pieces of the past.
Anthony Brundage
This form of source is a testimony of an eyewitness or must have been produced by a contemporary of the event it narrates
Primary Source
This form of source is a piece of evidence written or created during a period under investigation. Eye witness account or a firsthand account of a particular event.
Primary Source
What are the four main categories of Primary Source?
- Written sources
- Images
- Artifacts
- Oral testimony
What are the four examples of primary sources related to visual imagery?
- Maps
- Photographs
- Sketches, Drawings or Paintings
- Cartoons
This is generally used to indicate locations as well as topography. It reveals how space and geography were being used to emphasize trade routes, travel routes, structural build up, etc.
Maps
This form of visual imagery is used to indicate the conditions of life of the past societies
Sketches and drawings
This form of visual imagery was used for political expression or propaganda to indicate the temper of the times
Cartoons
This form of visual imagery is a visual representations based on the artist’s expression or interpretation of events and ideas. These become useful historical sources when we have to know or understand the context of the period in which they are made
Paintings
This form of visual imagery reflect social conditions of historical realities and everyday life. It also gives us visual ideas of places, and historical events as well as people
Photographs
This artifact was recovered at Chamber A of Manunggul Cave in Palawan. This was an elaborately designed burial jar with anthropomorphic figures on top of the cover that represent souls sailing to the afterworld in a death boat
The Manunggul Jar
How long did the Manunggul Jar date back?
710-890 B C (was declared a National Cultural Treasure)
The latest discovery of what is now considered the oldest human fossil
remains found in the Philippines
Callao Man
How long did the Callao Man exist?
67,000 years old
Where was the Callao Man discovered?
Discovered in 2007 at the Callao Caves in Penablanca, Cagayan Valley
This is the burial site yielded burials and associated ceramics, porcelains and stoneware jars from China, Thailand, and Vietnam, as well as hundreds of local earthenware and iron tools
Calatagan, Batangas
Who excavated the Calatagan Batangas
Dr. Robert Fox in 1958 the burial site of Calatagan yielded 505 burials and 521 associated ceramics,
The Asian tradeware ceramics of the site date to ________________.
early to mid Ming Dynasty 14th-15th centuries AD
These written sources are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form. Written to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary widely.
Narrative or literature
These written sources are understood to be those which document/ record an existing legal situation.
Diplomatic sources
These written sources are information pertaining to economic, social, political, or judicial significance.
Social Documents
What are other types of historical sources?
- written and non written,
- published or unpublished,
- textual, oral or visual sources
Examples of this historical sources are books, magazines, journals, travelogue and transcription of speech
Published Materials
Examples of this historical source are archival materials along with memoirs and, diary. Moreover, this is any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed
Manuscript
This is also known as archaeological evidence
Material evidence
This non-written evidence is told by the tales or sagas of ancient people.
Oral evidence
These are examples of non-written sources.
(1) Oral History
(2) Artifacts
(3) Ruins and Fossils
(4) Artworks
(5) Video and Audio Recording
He was a revolutionary general and a founder and honorary president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party
Santiago Alvarez
Why was Santiago Alvarez known as the Kidlat ng Apoy (Lightning of Fire)?
Also known as “ Kidlat ng Apoy “ (Lightning of Fire) because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as commander of Cavite’s famous battles (particularly that in Dalahican)
Where was Santiago Alvarez born?
Cavite, Philippines (July 25, 1872) Died: Died: October 30, 1930
Santiago Alvarez’s work ______________ is an example of primary source because he, himself is a
witness and participant of the revolution
The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General
This is a personal letter from the Supremo to one of his trusted comrade and thus, the content was authentic.
Letter of Andres Bonifacio to Emilio Jacinto
This type of source are works produced after the event has taken place. It is usually an assessment or a commentary of events, people, or institutions of the past.
Secondary Sources
This form of source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event .
Secondary Sources
This pertains to before a source is used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form and content must be settled
Historical Criticism
This form of historical criticism aims to check the authenticity of the primary source. This requires checking if the paper and ink of the document belong to the period being studied.
External Criticism
What are the tests of authenticity under external criticism?
- Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic
- Determine the author
- Anachronistic style
- Anachronistic reference to events
- Provenance or custody
- Semantics
- Hermeneutics
This test of authenticity determines its genuineness
Provenance or custody
This test of authenticity determines the meaning of a text or word
Semantics
This test of authenticity determines the ambiguities
Hermeneutics
This form of historical criticism checks the reliability of the sources.
Internal Criticism
This pertains to as close as what really happened from a critical examination of best available sources
Verisimilar
What are the tests of authenticity under internal criticism?
- Identification of the author
- Determination of the approximate date
- Ability to tell the truth: nearness to the event, competence of witness, degree of attention
- Willingness to tell the truth: to determine if the author consciously or unconsciously tells
falsehoods - Corroboration
What are the Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking
- Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
- Sensitivity to Context
- Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human affairs
What questions should be answered in Internal Criticism?
- How close was the author being studied?
- When was the account made?
- Who was the recipient of the account?
- Is there bias to be accounted for?
- Does informed common sense make the account probable?
- Is the account corroborated by other accounts?
