Module 02: Pre-Colonial Period Flashcards
He is a Spanish Friar for the Franciscan order who was in the Philippines for most of his missiornary life. He also authored the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine) which was the first book ever printed in the Philippines.
Juan De Plasencia
When and Where was Juan De Plascencia born?
16th century in Juan Portocarrero, Plasencia Extramadura, Spain
What are some of Plascencia’s works?
(1) Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalog (1589)
(2) La Santina
(3) Un tomo de sermones varios en tagalog
What is the mode of dressing of men in the pre-colonial period?
kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and bahag (loincloth)
What colors were the kanggan and what did they symbolize?
Red pertains to authority, Blue or Black pertains to commoners
This is known as the turban which also tell the social status/achievement of the individual wearing it
Putong
What were the clothes of women in the pre-colonial period?
camisa (jacket with sleeves) and saya or patadyong (a long skirt);
This is the piece of red or white cloth women wear on on top of their skirt
tapis
What did the pre-colonial FIlipinos where for ornaments?
kalumbiga , pendants, bracelets, and leglets
These ornaments were also fashionable for some pre colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit a man’s war record
Tattoos
This was the term coined by the Spaniards for the Visayans
Islas del Pintados
These were built to suit the tropical climate. Moreover, this was made of
wood, bamboo, and nipa palm; it was built on stilts and can be entered through ladders that can be drawn up.
Bahay Kubo
These pre-colonial FIlipinos built their houses on treetops.
Kalingas, Mandayas and Bagobos
These pre-colonial FIlipinos built their houses on boats.
Badjaos
This social class pertains to families of datu.
Noble
This social class pertains to the freemen.
Maharlika or Mahadlika
This social class pertains to the dependents.
Alipin
How was the nobility addressed in the Tagalogs?
Gat or Lakan
How do alipins acquire their title?
inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle
debts, or by committing a crime
What were the two kinds of dependents?
aliping namamahay and aliping sagigilid
What were the three kinds of Visayan dependents?
tumataban, tumarampok, and the ayuey
What was the status of women in the pre-colonial period?
Women in pre colonial Philippine society had the right to inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed to the chieftainship of the barangay in the absence of a male heir. They had the exclusive right to name their children
Men in the pre colonial period in terms of marriage were _____________.
Monogamous
Wives were called _____________, while friends were perceived as ___________.
Asawa; concubines
Courtship begins with ________________.
Paninilbihan
What are the conditions before marrying the girl?
(1) give a dowry or bigay kaya
(2) pay the panghihimuyat
(3) pay the wet nurse bigay suso
(4) pay the parents himaraw
(5) bribe for the relatives called sambon among the Zambals
Once he had settled all of the above requirements, he brings his parents to meet with the bride to be’s parents to haggle and make the final arrangements; this is called
pamamalae or pamamanhikan or pamumulungan
This is known as the first stage was called ______________; it was followed by the consultation with the girl’s parents, who relays their decision to the village chief, who in turn informed the suitor’s parents of the decision
pananalanguni or betrothal
This is term used for the chief in Muslims
pedsungud
This is the money given bride’s close relatives.
kawasateg
This is the brassware given to those who helped arrange the wedding.
Siwaka
This is the brassware or animals for the village chief.
Enduata
This jewelry given to the bride’s mother and aunts
pangatulian
This blade given to the girl’s uncle;
tatas
This money given to the girl’s parents as fine for having bypassed the girl’s elder sister if she had any;
langkad
This is the amount of money given to the girl’s attendant.
Lekat
In Muslim terms, this pertains to marriage
pegkawing
The wedding ceremony of Muslims are headed by whom
Hadji
This was the unit of government, which was composed of 30 - 100 families.
Barangay, which means balangay or boat
The barangays were headed by chieftains called ______.
Datu
This pertains to the tributes being paid in barangays.
Buwis or tax
What was the role of the datu?
chief executive, judge, legislator, and supreme commander
Alliances among barangays were common and these were formalized in a ritual called
Sangduguan
These were used to deal with various subjects such as inheritance, property rights, divorce, usury, family relations, divorce, adoption, loans, etc. Those found guilty of crimes were punished either by fine or by death; some punishments can be considered as torture by modern standards
Laws
Laws were either what?
were either customary (handed down from generation to generation orally) or written (promulgated from time to time as necessity arose)
This process is where the chief consults with a council of elders who approved of his plan
Legislation
This is the one who explains the law to everyone
umalohokan
How do Judicial process happen in the court?
The accused and the accuser faced each other in front of the “court” with their respective witnesses. Both took an oath to tell the truth; most of the
time, the one who presents the most witnesses wins the case
This act is used to determine the innocence of an accused, he is made to go through a number of ordeals which he must pass
Trial by Ordeal
What was the common ordeal among Ifugao’s?
bultong (wrestling), alaw (duel)
This god pertains to the Creator
Bathalang Maykapal
This god pertains to the god of agriculture.
Idinayale
This god pertains to the god of death,
Sidapa
This god pertains to the god of rainbow,
Balangaw
This god pertains to the god of war,
Mandarangan
This god pertains to the god of fire.
Agni
This god pertains to the goddess of harvest.
Lalahon
This god pertains to the god of hell.
Siginarugan
This god pertains to the goddess of love,
Diyan Masalanta
Filipinos also venerated the dead by keeping alive their memory by carving idols of stone, gold or ivory called _______________-.
likha or larawan ;
These were thought to be caused by the temper of the environmental spirits
Diseases
These are the adored idols to whom they made their offerings.
anitos or diwatas
They acted as mediums to communicate with these spirits
babaylan / baylana or katalona
How did burials happen in the pre-colonial period>
The dead was placed in a wooden coffin and buried under the house complete with cloth, gold and other valuable things. Upon the death of the person, fires were made under the house and armed men acted as sentinels to guard the corpse from sorcerers
They were were hired to accentuate the depth of mourning
professional mourners
What was the mourning distinguished in men?
maglahi
What was the mourning distinguished in women?
morotal
This pertains to the mourning for a dead chief, and this was accompanied by certain prohibitions like engaging in petty quarrels, wars, carrying daggers with hilts in the normal position, singing in boats coming from the sea or river, and wearing loud clothes
laraw
This is how the Tagalogs limited their nutrition to vegetables
Sipa
Relatives of the dead who was murdered would not end their mourning until they have exacted vengeance or _______________.
Balata
This is the celebration held on the ninth night after
the death of the person
pasiyam
This is the play is staged to honor the dead
tibaw
Based on Divination and Magic Charms, these people were called fortune tellers.
pangatauhan , or soothsayers, to tell their fortunes
Based on Divination and Magic Charms, FIlipinos believed in what creatures?
aswang, mangkukulam ,manggagaway, tiyanak, and the tikbalang
What are some of the amulets of charms used by the Filipinos,
anting anting ,gayuma, odom or tagabulag, wiga or sagabe , and tagahupa
This is known as the main source of livelihood.
Agriculture
What were the two approaches in Agriculture?
kaingin system (slash and burn) and tillage
These were noted by the Spaniards to have abundancy in agricultural food stuffs.
Cebu and Palawan
Agriculture was improved by what?
by use of irrigation ditches like those
found in the Ifugao Rice Terraces
How was landholding perceived in the pre-colonial period?
landholding was either public (less arable land that could be tilled freely by anyone) and private (rich and cultivated lands belonging to nobles and datus)
This is the fermented the sap of palm trees that is drank
it liquor.
Tuba
This pertains to the breeding or raising of chickens, pigs, goats, carabaos, and small native ponies
Livestock
This was a thriving industry for those who live in the coast or near rivers and lakes
Fishing
What are the various tools used for fishing?
various tools for fishing such as nets, bow and arrow , spear, wicker basket, hooks and lines, corrals and fish poisons were used
Where was pearl fishing abound?
Sulu
This is comparatively developed before the coming of the Spaniards. This is where the ancients mined gold in many parts of the archipelago and were traded throughout the country and with other countries
Mining
This were flourishing industries in ocean vessel building, such as the banca, balangay, lapis, caracoa, virey, vinta and prau
Lumbering and Shipbuilding
This home industry was dominated by women. They used crude wooden looms, textiles such as sinamay from hemp, medrinaque from banana, cotton, linen, and silk
Weaving
This was conducted between and among barangays and islands.
Barter
Which countries did the pre-colonial Philippines barter with?
China, Siam, Japan, Cambodia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java , and other islands of old Malaysia
During the pre colonial era, there was no currency, hence the trade was conducted through?
Barter
What were the major languages of the Filipinos in the pre-colonial era?
They are: Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan, Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Samarnon or Samar Leyte, and Magindanao
The first languages were derived from which language?
Austronesian or Malayo Polynesian
language
Before the spaniards, this was the Filipino’s system of writing.
syllabary which was
probably of Sanskrit or Arabic provenance
How many symbols constituted the syllabry?
the syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols, of which three were vowels and
fourteen consonants
According to his theory, the ancients wrote from top to bottom and from left to right
Fr. Pedro Chirino’s theory
These these dealt with various subjects including love, war, legends, the memory of the deceased, and war heroes
Literature
This was a debate in verse in which a problem is resolved; it developed into the duplo during the Spanish period and then into the balagtasan in 1924 during the American period
karagatan
This Maranaw Literature pertains to (folk tale),
tutul
This Maranaw Literature pertains to (short love poems),
tubad tubad
This Maranaw Literature pertains to (sayings
and proverbs),
pananaro on
This Maranaw Literature pertains to
(drama),
sowa sowa i
This Maranaw Literature pertains to (riddle or puzzle).
Antoka
This Maranaw Literature pertains to epic poetry.
darangan
This Ilocano literature pertains to a song during baptismal party, wedding, or a feast.
dal ot
This Ilocano literature pertains to a love song sung in a serenade,
badeng
This Ilocano literature pertains to dirge.
Dungaw
This is a bansic or a cane with four holes
kudyapi (Tagalog)
This is a small guitar (Negritos of Luzon),
Gangsa
This is a a Malay music instrument (Igorots).
abafii
This is a or a guitar with five strings (Ilocano)
kutibeng
This is a nose flute
kaleleng
This is or pan pipe made of seven bamboos reeds
(Tinguians)
diwdiw as
The zigszag designs on ancient lime tubes and the ornamental carvings on combs reflect _________________
Negrito influence
Indonesian influence can be seen in the apparel of whom:
apparel of the Kalingas, Maranaos,
Manobos and Bagobos
Malay influence can be traced to the wood carvings found in utensils, boats, and
wooden shields of:
people of Sulu,
Mindanao and Mountain Province
What kind of art do Islamic influence?
ornamental and decorative art
What kind of art do Lanao Muslims have?
geometric
and plant designs
What kind of art do Ifugao have?
human and animal representations but not fish and plant
forms
Lanao Muslim art is ________________
icnoclastic
Ifugao Art is ___________
functional
