MODULE 1 Philippine Literature: Precolonial Flashcards
“So successful were the efforts of colonialists to blot out the memory of the country’s largely oral past that present-day Filipino writers, artists and journalists are trying to correct this inequity by recognizing the country’s wealth of ethnic traditions and disseminating them in schools and in the mass media.”
Christine F. Godinez-Ortega, The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature, NCCA
It is an archipelagic country composed of three major island groups-Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
The Philippines
The islands and the regions found in the Philippines are not only rich in people and resources but also in culture and tradition and, most importantly, in _________.
stories
Only a few tales of our indigenous past survived, made their way and were passed through generations. This is due to several reasons:
(1) these early literary traditions were passed through oral recitation and incantation, and although it is perceived that early literature was written in a native alphabet called Baybayin, these were mostly written in leaves and tree barks that did not stand the test of time;
(2) the Spaniards burned and destroyed most of our ancestors’ earlier records; and (3) the introduction of the Roman alphabet impeded the use of indigenous Philippine script and, in time, fully replacing it.
It is perceived that early literature was written in a native alphabet called _____________, these were mostly written in leaves and tree barks that did not stand the test of time.
Baybayin
These early literary traditions were passed through __________________________.
oral recitation and incantation
The ______________ burned and destroyed most of our ancestors’ earlier records.
Spaniards
The introduction of the ___________ alphabet impeded the use of indigenous Philippine script and, in time, fully replacing it
Roman
Still, all these prove that the Philippines already had its identity even before ________ conquered it.
Spain
______________________ was already organized into a system of settlements called ________.
- Ancient Philippine society
- barangays
These barangays usually included around ________________ but were independent of other barangays in nearby areas; although there was a system of government running in these small villages, there was no establishment of a national governing body yet.
30-100 families
She authored a series of books about Philippine folk literature where she classified it into folk narratives, folk speeches, and folk songs, which since then became the basis of classifying, studying, and understanding our lore.
Damiana Eugenio
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that refers to stories that could be either in prose or in poetry.
Folk narratives
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature which take the prosaic form are myths, alamat (legends), and kuwentong bayan (folktales).
Folk narratives
It is a form of folk narrative that refers to stories about gods and goddesses.
Myths
It is a form of folk narrative that are usually about the creation of things-the world, people, culture, animals, etc.
Myths
It is a form of folk narrative that were also believed to be true and recognized by our ancestors as part of their religious beliefs.
Myths
It is a form of folk narrative that refers to the stories of people’s everyday lives at that time.
Kuwentong bayan or folktales
The Precolonial literature of the Philippines happened before the _________ colonized us in _______.
- Spaniards
- 1565
It is the oldest writing system.
“Baybayin”
They are a system of settlements.
Barangays
A timeline in Philippine literature wherein they believed in gods of nature and crafted prayers, chants, rituals, and offerings to ask for blessings.
Precolonial
Examples of myths.
- “The Story of Bathala”
- “The Visayan Creation Myth”
- “Ang Pag-aaway ng Dagat at Langit”
It is a mythical creature that appears at night to prey upon unwary travelers or sleeping people with particular liking for the taste of human liver.
Aswang (vampire, ghouls)
It is a mythical creature that are drawn to those who are ill, spirit passes through bamboo flooring then licks the sick and dying to death.
Dila
It is a mythical creature that can be male/female for being astoundingly beautiful and ageless and believed to bring blessings upon those who do good to the forests and mountains and assess upon those who harm them.
Diwata (fairies/nymphs)
It is a mythical creature that are believed to provide good fortune or foretell an ominous fate to people.
Dewende (goblins, elves, dwarves)
It is a mythical creature that is a half-man and half-horse creature believed are benevolent guardians usually found standing at the foot of large trees looking for anyone who dare to trespass on their kingdom’s territory.
Tikbalang (demon horse)
It is a mythical creature that used to the people who practice the sorcery. They often do it for revenge, or to do evil things to people.
Mangkukulam (witch/wizard, sorcerers)
It is a form of folk narrative that refers to stories of explanations about how things came to be an explanation of their existence.
Alamat or legends
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that refers to those stories that somehow have historic validity that made it seem to be more “truthful” to the locals.
Alamat
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that refers to a type of folk narrative in verse.
Folk epic
In Dr. Santiago’s article under the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), she noted that ______ are “the most exciting poetic as well as narrative forms of early Philippine literature.”
epics
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that refers to stories involve a “hero” whose deeds are larger than life
epics
It is an example of folk epic.
Biag ni Lam-ang
Biag ni Lam-ang is an ________ epic.
Ilocano
It is an example of a folk epic that celebrates Lam-ang’s expedition in looking for his father who was killed by the Igorots of the Cordillera Mountains.
Biag ni Lam-ang
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that has two kinds-bugtong (riddles) and salawikain (proverbs).
folk speech
It is a kind of folk speech that was not just created for fun, but it was originally an ancient verbal, poetic, or literary form that expresses a hidden meaning.
Bugtong
It is a kind of folk speech that is metaphorical in nature as it subtly reveals similarities of seemingly two unlike objects.
Bugtong
It is a kind of folk speech that are more commonly known as salawikain in the Philippines are maxims or wise sayings that show a community’s values, moral beliefs, and/or norms.
Proverbs
Examples of alamat
- “The Legend of Maria Maikling”
- “The Legend of Sampaguita”
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that is usually written in verse, a form of lyric poetry.
folk song
Quindoza-Santiago asserts in her NCCA-featured article that among the early forms, folk songs or _____ were the most enduring.
awit
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that usually center on people’s hopes and aspirations, even their lifestyles, and are sung for various occasions and/or celebrations.
folk song
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that range from lullabies called yayi or hele, harana or panambitan or songs used for courtship, songs about drinking, songs for livelihood, wakes, wars, etc.
folk song
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that contained ideas about dealing with the power of nature – personified, their submission to a deity – usually Bathala, and how this deity is responsible for the blessings and calamities.
folk tale or kuwentong bayan
It is a famous folk epic from Ifugao that is all about the daring feat of Aliguyon as he battles his arch enemy, Pambukhayon.
Hudhud ni Aliguyon
It is a famous folk epic from Ilocos that is all about the adventures of Lam-ang who exhibits extraordinary powers at a very young age.
Biag ni Lam-ang
Lam-ang’s expedition in looking for his father who was killed by the _______ of the ________________________.
- Igorots
- Cordillera Mountains
It is a famous folk epic from Bicol that is all about the story of three bicol heroes.
Ibalon
The 3 bicol heroes in Ibalon.
- Bantong
- Baltog
- Handyong
He is a hero in Ibalon who is a half man and half beast.
Bantong
He is a hero in Ibalon who is the 1st tawong lipod.
Baltog
He is a hero in Ibalon who is the central figure.
Handyong
It is a famous folk epic from Maranao that is all about the heroic adventures of a mythical hero, Darangan.
Darangan
It is a famous folk epic from Panay that is considered the oldest and longest epic poem in Panay.
Hinilawod
It is a famous folk epic from Panay that tells the exploits of three Sulodnon demigod brothers: Labaw Dongon, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap.
Hinilawod
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that refers to the dialect or style of speaking, unique to people within a geographic area.
folk speeches
It is a form of folk speech that is metaphorical in nature as it subtly reveals similarities of seemingly two unlike objects.
Bugtong (riddles)
It is a form of folk speech that are allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young.
Salawikain (proverbs)
It is a form of folk speech that often express a single idea, that is usually satirical and has a witty ending.
Salawikain (proverbs)
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that is a form of lyric poetry, graphic area.
folk song
It is a classification of Philippine folk literature that is a form of folk lyric that is usually chanted– contain ideas on aspirations, hopes, everyday life and expressions of love for loved ones and is bounded by learning of good morals.
folk song
It is a form of folk song that is locally known as “Hele” or “Uyayi”.
lullabies
It is a form of folk song that is sung to put babies to sleep.
lullabies
It is a form of folk song that content varies, but is usually sung by parents with ideas on how hard life is and how they hope that their child will not experience the hardships of life.
lullabies
It is a form of folk song that is known as “Tagay”.
drinking songs
It is a form of folk song that is sung during drinking sessions.
drinking songs
It is a form of folk song that is known as “Harana” in Cebuano and in Filipino.
serenade
It is a form of folk song that is used by young men to capture the heart of the girl they love.
serenade
It is a form of folk song that is known as “Taguylaylay”.
songs of death
It is a form of folk song that are lamentations that contain the role of good deeds that dies usually done to immortalize his/her good image.
songs of death
It is a form of folk song that are usually given during exorcisms and thanksgivings during good harvest.
religious songs
Exorcisms was usually done by ______________________________________ of the various ethnic groups of the pre-colonial Philippines, specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the spirits of the dead and the spirits of nature.
Babaylans or Philippine shamans
