MODULE 1 PART 1 Flashcards
Cite examples of microorganisms
Bacteria, viruses, fungi
Study of virus
Virology
Study of bacteria
Bacteriology
Study of fungi
Mycology
True or False: Viruses have both RNA and DNA
False. Viruses only have either RNA or DNA, not both
This can be a virulence factor and SOME bacteria has the ability to produce this
Toxins
True or False: Bacteria is eukaryotic.
False. Bacteria is prokaryotic (with no true nucleus)
True or False: Bacteria only have either RNA or DNA.
False. Bacteria has both RNA and DNA.
How do bacteria multiplies?
through Binary Fission
The average size of Bacteria is ______
0.4- 2.0 um (micra)
The largest bacteria is known as
Genus bacillus
The smallest living organisms on earth is known as
Genus mycoplasma
These are biologically produced poisons
Toxins
What species has sterols on its cell membarane?
Genus mycoplasma
What is the component of the cell membrane of the bacteria?
Phospholipid bilayer
This is known as the area of science that deals with the study of microorganisms
Microbiology
These are biologically produce poisons that can cause harmful effects
Toxins
Bacteria is categorize as…
gram (+) and gram (-)
This is found among gram (+) organisms except Listeria monocytogenes however, there are gram (-) organisms that can produce this.
Exotoxin
Exotoxin is _____ in nature.
Protein
Exotoxin is released/secreted by _______ bacteria cells
Living - does not require cell death to release
What is the species that is the exception in gram (+) organisms that release exotoxin?
Listeria monocytogenes
Botulinum toxin is produced by
Clostridium botulinum
Diphtheria toxin
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Enterotoxins A and B is produced by
Staphylococcus aureus
The stability of exotoxin is …
Heat Labile (heat sensitive)
The effect of exotoxin is …
Specific (local) - it can be felt only in specific area of the body
Dose requires in exotoxin is …
Small
True or False. Exotoxins can be converted to toxoids (immunologic property)
True
This is usually produced by gram (-) organisms
Endotoxin
Endotoxin is _____ in nature
Polysaccharide (Lipopolysaccharide - LPS)
Endotoxin is secreted/released through ______
Cell death/lysis
Example of gram (-) organisms that release endotoxin that causes bloody diarrhea
Shigella dysenteriae
The stability of endotoxins is ____
Heat stable
The effect of endotoxins is
Generalized (systemic) - the effect can be felt all over the body because of high toxicity
The required dose for endotoxin is …
Large
Yes or No: Can endotoxin be converted to toxoids? (immunologic property)
No.
Cite the order of taxonomy
Domain - Kingdom - Division - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species - Subspecies
This is the term use for same species but different phenotypically
Subspecies
First letter capitalized
Genus
“Epithet” ; the most basic group and written in small letters
Species
This term is used for something that grows in Petri dish when culture media was done
Colonies
This is called the “resistant structure”
Spores/ Endospores
When the bacteria have ______ it means it resists antibiotic
Plasmid
What are the spore-forming organisms?
Bacillus, Clostridium
For the bacteria to increase in _____, it needs basic nutrients
size
What are the basic nutrients needed by the bacteria?
Carbon, Nitrogen. 70% water, Electrolytes
This is one of the essential basic nutrients for protein synthesis
Nitrogen
This is essential nutrient for bacteria
Carbon
Organism population that is differentiated from populations within species
Strains
This is based on distinct antigenic properties
Serovars
These are variant strains based on biochemical/physiological differences
Biovars
Bacteria can be seen under ______
Electron microscope
What are the 4 morphologic forms of bacteria?
Cocci, bacilli, spiral, comma-shaped
This is round-shaped and usually non-motile
Cocci
This is rod-shaped; motile
Bacilli
In spiral organisms, usually they are called _____
Spirochetes
The unique shape of bacteria
Comma-shaped
Comma-shaped organism is
Vibrio cholerae
Arrangement of Cocci: singly, round shape
Coccus
The cocci/coccus appears in pairs
Diplococci
The cocci is arranged in four
Tetrad
The cocci appears in cubes of eight
Sarcina
The cocci is arrange in clusters
Staphylococci
The cocci is arranged in chains
Streptococci
Arrangement of bacilli: singly, rod-shape
Bacillus
The bacilli appears in pairs
Diplobacilli
The bacilli is arranged in chains
Streptobacilli
The arrangement of the bacilli resembles a picket fence and angular patterns that look like Chinese letters
Pallisades
These cells are in between round and rod shape
Coccobacilli
These are organisms with spiral shape
Spirochetes
Arrangement of spiral: Helical-shaped/ corkscrew form
Spirilla
Arrangement of spiral: a curved or comma-shaped rod
Vibrio
With flagella means the organism is…
Motile
Without flagella means the organism is…
Non-motile
The bacteria is truly moving due to the presence of flagella
True motility
This is the movement of non-motile organisms caused by the movement of molecules, false motility.
Brownian motility or Pseudo motility
True or False: Motility is usually observed in Cocci
False. Motility is seldom observed in Cocci, usually they are non-motile
True or False: Bacilli and spiral organisms are usually motile
True.
True or False: Vibrio cholerae is motile
True
What do you usually call the flagella in spiral organisms?
Axial filaments or Periplasmic flagella
Specifically we do it as a presumptive/initial test to detect Listeria monocytogenes
Hanging drop method
We color flagella to detect motility
Use of flagellar stains
We use culture media to detect motility
Use of semi solid media
SIO stands for
Solid Indole Motility
MIO standa for
Motility Indole Ornithine
To allow growth of bacteria, we use __________
Culture media
Gelatin-like media
SIM
Growth is limited on the side of inoculation means that the bacteria is _______
Non-motile
Growth is away from the site of inoculation means that the bacteria is ______
Motile
Shooting star motility
Vibrio cholerae
Tumbling motility
Listeria monocytogenes
Twitching motility
Kingella kingae
Darting motility
Campylobacter species
Gliding or sliding motility
Capnocytophaga gingivalis
Corkscrew motility
Spirochetes
Swarming motility (on BAP)
Proteus species
Absence of flagella
Atrichous
Single flagellum at one end
Monotrichous
Single flagellum at both ends
Amphitrichous
Tuft/bundle of flagella at one or both ends
Lophotrichous
Bacterium is surrounded with flagella
Peritrichous
This part is external to the cell wall, hairlike, and proteinaceous structures. This is NOT common to all and is usually found among gram (-) organisms. This can also be a virulence factor.
Pili/ Fimbriae
This organism is equipped with pili
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
This is for adherence to the host cell or attachment to the host cell. The can also increase the pathogenicity of the bacteria.
Common pili
This is for gene conjugation; transfer of genetic material/ DNA exchange
Sex pili
This is also NOT common to all bacteria, usually found in gram (-) organisms, can also be a virulence factor. The function of this is to prevent phagocytosis
Capsule
The stain for capsule is…
India ink
What indicates that bacteria have capsules or they are capsular?
Mucoidal colonies
Neufeld Quelling Test is aka
Capsular Swelling Test
This test is performed to know if the bacteria are encapsulated or not.
Neufeld Quellung Test or Capsular Swelling Test
N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae are ______ capsule
Polysaccharide
Bacillus anthracis is _____ capsule
D. glutamate
These organisms have polysaccharide capsule (Sp, Kp, Nm, Hi)
S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae
These organisms have Polypeptide-D glutamic acid capsule (Ba)
Bacillus anthracis
This organism has Hyaluronic Acid Capsule (Pm)
P. multocida
This organism has Polyribosyl Ribitol Phosphate capsule (Hi)
H. influenzae
This organism has alginate capsule
P. aeruginosa
Other names for Cell wall
Murein layer or Peptidoglycan layer
Almost ALL bacteria have cell wall except _____
Genus Mycoplasma and Genus Ureaplasma
This gives shape to the organism, and provides shape for the flagella and also the basis for gram staining
Cell wall
Thicker peptidoglycan =
Gram (+)
Thinner peptidoglycan =
Gram (-)
This is the usual site of antibiotic function (destroy)
Cell wall
Component of capsule:
Antiphagocytic ; Antigenic (K Ag; Vi Ag)
What are the components of Murein Layer or Peptidoglycan?
- Main component: Murein/Peptidoglycan
- Disaccharides: N-acetyl glucosamine; N-acetyl muramic acid
- Peptides
Thick murein layer, has teichoic acid
Gram positive cell wall
Gram positive cell wall:
- Cell wall = _______
- Membane = _______
- Cell wall = teichoic acid
- Membane = lipoteichoic acid
Thin murein layer, No teichoic acid, porin channels, periplasmic space
Gram negative cell wall
Gram negative cell wall has ______ layer
Lipopolysaccharide
Who has LPS? (Hi, Ng, Bp)
H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, B. pertussis
This is called as the resistant structures that enable bacteria to withstand injurious conditions or extreme conditions
Endospores/ spores
What organisms are known as the spore formers?
Genus Bacillus and Genus Clostridium
What is the best way to destroy spores? why?
Autoclaving, because the target of sterilization is the spores
What is the shape of endospores/ spores?
Oval or Round
What are the locations of endospores?
Terminal, central, subterminal
This is used to demonstrate spores.
Schaeffer and Fulton (malachite green stain)
Bacterium with oval central
Bacillus anthracis
Bacterium with oval subterminal
Clostridium botulinum
This organism is considered as terminal swollen aka Lollipop bacillus or Drumstick bacillus
Clostridium tetani
What do spores contain that make them resistant?
Calcium dipicolinate or dipicolinic acid
This represents stored food
Inclusion bodies
The inclusion body in Corynebacterium diphtheriae is known as _______
Babes Ernst Granules/ Volutin
Culture medium of Babes Ernst Granules are:
Pal’s Siant, Loeffler’s Serum Slant
The stains used in Babes Ernst Granules/ Volutin: (LAMB,A,N)
Loeffler’s Alkaline Methylene Blue, Alber; Neisser
Halberstaedster Prowazek means
glycogen containing
Halberstaedster Prowazek is seen in
Chlamydia trachomatis
The stain for Halberstaedster Prowazek is
Giemsa or Macchiavello stain
Much granules are seen in _____
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bipolar bodies =
safety pins appearance
Bipolar bodies are seen in
Yersinia pestis
The stain for Bipolar bodies is
Wayson’s
The purpose of using Pal siant in culture medium is to
to stimulate granule formation
Why do Yersinia pestis looks like a safety pin?
because it has a bipolar bodies
This is the irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains the genetic materials
Nucleus/Nucleoid
Small circular DNA molecule that confers resistance to antibiotics
Plasmid
This is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
What are the important parts of bacterial cells?
Flagella, Pili/Fimbriae, Capsule, Cell Wall/Murein layer/Peptidoglycan layer, Endospores/spores, Inclusion bodies, Nucleoid, Plasmid, Ribosome, Plasma membrane
What are the parts external to cell wall?
Flagella, Pili, Capsule
