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NUT 1304 > Module 1 - Nutrition: Food for Health > Flashcards

Module 1 - Nutrition: Food for Health Flashcards

1
Q

Which nutrients are inorganic molecules?

A
  • minerals
  • water
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2
Q

True of False? Some foods should be completely eliminated from the diet since they are considered as “empty” calories.

A

False

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3
Q

Which of the leading causes of death in Canada are clearly related to diet?

A

cancer, type 2 diabetes and heart disease

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4
Q

Which of the following statement is an advantage of using a 24-hour recall in a study?

A

can be a good option for those who cannot read or write

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5
Q

Compared to other sciences, the science of nutrition is relatively new. When were the great discoveries in this field made?

A

20th century

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6
Q

Name 3 branches of nutrition?

A
  • Chemistry
  • Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Psychology
  • Anthropology
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7
Q

What are the factors that affect food choice?

A
  • What is available to us
  • Where we live
  • What is within out budget
  • Compatible with our lifestyle
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8
Q

How does availability effect food choice?

A
  • climate effects which foods can grow
  • countries that don’t grow that food will lack it in diet
  • socioeconomical factors effect which foods to buy
  • health problems limits diet
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9
Q

How does culture and family background effect food choice?

A
  • what you eat growing up limits what you are willing to try later
  • religions have dietary restrictions
  • Jewish don’t drink milk and eat meat in same meal)
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10
Q

How does social acceptability effect food choice?

A
  • you change your diet depending on who you are eating with
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11
Q

How does personal preference effect food choice?

A
  • limits the foods you’re willing to try
  • taste is more important than nutrients
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12
Q

How does the psychological and emotional factors effect food choices?

A
  • foods represents comfort, love and security
  • food is used as a punishment or reward
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12
Q

How does health concerns effect food choices?

A
  • can drive people to change their diet
  • red meats are not good
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13
Q

How does the media effect food choices?

A
  • food advertises information to people which can be helpful or not
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14
Q

What are 2 points of essential nutrients?

A
  • are essential to human life
  • must be supplied by the diet because they are not made in body
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14
Q

Why are food frequencies and food records efficient?

A

FF: gathers information from a large population
FR: provides detailed information, but it is very timely

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14
Q

What are the 2 factors in choosing a healthy diet?

A

Adequacy: a sufficient amount of nutrients in the diet to maintain health

Nutrient density: nutrient content of a food in comparison to the kcalories it provides
- ex broccoli: calcium, vitamin C and A, low in kcal

14
Q

What is portion distortion?

A

the increase in portion sizes for typical restaurants and snack foods, observed over the last 40 years

14
Q

What are the amount of kcal/g present in lipids, carbs, protein and alcohol?

A

L - 9
C - 4
P - 4
A - 7

15
Q

Explain kCalories control?

A

the specific aspects of balance and moderation that are related to energy intake
- intake calories= should be expelled through physical activities

15
Q

True or false: If any one of the essential nutrients is absent from the diet, deficiency symptoms will show up that may eventually lead to illness and death if the essential nutrient is not added back to the diet.

A

True

15
Q

What are some differences in diet back then vs now?

A
  • more food prep: buying food
  • foods in season; all year round
  • family sit together: family on the go
  • eat slow: eat fast
16
Q

Name and explain the 3 methods for studying diets?

A

24-hour recall: uses a trained interviewer or a computer software to ask a person to recall exactly what he or she ate during the last 24 hours

Food frequency questionnaire: estimate the frequency consumption of each food item or food group listed as pre-determined portions

Food diary: a person keeping a food diary or a record of foods and beverages consumed daily for a given period of time.

16
Q

What classifies a nutrient?

A
  • chemical structure
  • amount needed in diet
  • function
16
Q

What are the 3 leading causes of nutrient related deaths in order?

A
  • cancer, heart disease, stroke
17
Q

What are the 6 nutrients

A
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • water
17
Q

What are the nutrients in the body in descending order?

A

water, fat, protein, minerals, carbs and other substances

18
Q

What is malnutrition and the 2 types and what does it affect?

A

M - when a person consumes too much (overnutritions) or too little (undernutrition) nutrient or energy.
- body tissue, functional ability and overall health

18
Q

What are the 2 sources of getting information?

A

Primary and secondary

18
Q

What is the difference between Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics?

A

NGE - how genetic variation affects our response to certain foods or bioactive food compounds.
NGO - how food or bioactive food components affect gene expression

19
Q

What is the difference between intervention studies and observational studies?

A

I - requires intervention (testing possible treatments)
O - looks at relationship between exposure (diet intake) and outcome (health)

19
Q

Which determinant of health best aligns with choosing a healthy diet?

A

Personal health practices and coping skills

20
Q

What is nutritional epidemiology?

A

the study of dietary exposures, such as the intake of a certain nutrient, food, or overall diet and outcomes, that are usually health-related such as the incidence of a disease.

21
Q

Limiting factors - difference between confounding factors and residual confounding?

A

CF - the outcome being investigated (ex. disease) and the factor that might influence outcome (ex. diet)
RF - remains in data because of incomplete adjustment due to factors present that are unknown, unmeasured, or imprecisely.

21
Q

What is prospective cohort study?

A

healthy participants of an experiment are watched for several years to see the link between diet and disease

22
Q

What is relative risk?

A

researchers select a reference group to which other groups are compared
- RG is assigned a relative risk of 1

23
Q

What is systemic review?

A

reviews studies done on the same topic
- purpose is to see patterns, eliminate biases and calculate weighted averages (meta-analysis and forest plot)

23
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

in systematic reviews, a single weighted average result of multiple studies that examined the same hypothesis.

23
Q

What is balance study?

A

a study that compares the total amount of a nutrient that enters the body with the total amount that leaves the body.
- If more nutrient is consumed than excreted, it is positive, meaning it is stored in the body
If more is excreted than consumed, it is negative, meaning some is lost from the body. Neither gaining or losing, the body is stable.

24
Q

What is a forest plot?

A

A specialized plot that summarizes the quantitative results of studies in a systematic review
- RR is called the no-effect line
- In cohort studies, the RR=1
- In randomized studies, the difference between the treatment and controlled group is RR=0

NUT 1304 (5 decks)

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