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Neuro M101B > Module 1 Lecture 1: Gastrulation and Neural Induction > Flashcards

Module 1 Lecture 1: Gastrulation and Neural Induction Flashcards

1
Q

examples of protostomes

A

nematodes (round worms), platyhelminthes (flatworms), molluscs (snails, slugs, octopus), annelids (earthworms), arthropods (crabs, spiders, insects)

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2
Q

examples of deuterostomes

A

echinoderms (starfish, sea cucumbers), chordates (tunicates [sea squirts], vertebrates)

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3
Q

neuronal characteristics of sponges

A

no neurons, some synaptic genes

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4
Q

neural characteristics of radiata

A

neurons, diffuse nerve nets

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5
Q

neural characteristics of bilateria

A

organized nerve nets, centralized nervous systems, brains

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6
Q

major discovery by hodgkin & huxley

A

discovered ionic mechanisms of action potential propogation in squid giant axon

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7
Q

major discovery by Carlsson, Greengard, and Kandel

A

molecular basis of learning and memory in sea slug

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8
Q

what makes a good model organism?

A

accessibility, convenience, experimental advantages, momentum

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9
Q

characteristics of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism

A
  • accessible
  • convenient (live on petri dishes, females are hermaphrodites, 3 day reproductive cycle)
  • experimental advantages (transparent, invariant development, connectome has been created)
  • momentum
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10
Q

characteristics of Drosophila melanogester as a model organism

A
  • accessible
  • convenient (cheap to maintain by 1000s, 10-day reproductive cycle)
  • experimental advantages
  • momentum (genome 60% homologous to humans; 75% known human diseases have homologs, connectome known)
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11
Q

characteristics of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

A
  • accessible
  • convenient (easy to maintain and yields large numbers of synchronized embryos)
  • experimental advantages (echinoderms have bilaterally symmetric larvae, transparent embryos and larval stage)
  • momentum (model for cell fate decisions of early embryogenesis)
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12
Q

characteristics of Danio reria as a model organism

A
  • accessible
  • convenient (spawns 100s eggs every 2-3 days, reproductive cycle 90 days)
  • experimental advantages (transparent embryo, external development)
  • momentum (advanced tools and techniques for forward genetic screens)
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13
Q

characteristics of Xenopus laevis and Gallus gallus domesticus as model organisms

A
  • accessible
  • convenient (embryos readily available)
  • experimental advantages (robust, externally developing embryos, can cut, graft, and inject material, large eggs provide material for protein biochemistry)
  • momentum (modern molecular techniques being incorporated)
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14
Q

characteristics of Mus musculus as a model organism

A
  • accessible
  • convenient (produce 8 litters of 8 pups per year, 60-day reproductive cycle)
  • experimental advantages (designer mice)
  • momentum (reverse genetic powerhouse)
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15
Q

what does ectoderm become

A

all outer layer (skin, hair, tooth enamel), CNS, PNS

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16
Q

what does endoderm become

A

digestive system, liver, pancreas, bladder, lungs, etc

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17
Q

what does mesoderm become

A

muscle, bone, cartilage, connective tissue, fat, circulatory and lymphatic systems, etc

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18
Q

what does a blastula develop from

A

early cell divisions after fertilization

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19
Q

where does the blastula invaginate to create what?

A

blastula invaginates at the blastopore to create the archenteron (small pocket)

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20
Q

blastocoel

A

cavity inside blastula/gastrula

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21
Q

mesenchyme

A

loosely organized mesodermal cells

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22
Q

animal/vegetal poles significance

A

non-yolky/yolky; shows that before gastrulation, blastula already polarized

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23
Q

protostome main feature

A

mouth forms from the blastopore
- mouth first

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24
Q

deuterostome main feature

A

anus forms from the blastopore
- mouth second

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25
Q

coelom

A

body cavity between digestive tract and body wall

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26
Q

amniote animals

A

primates, rodents, crocodiles, dinosaurs & birds

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27
Q

amniote meaning

A

eggs have amnion membrane surrounding embryo; exchanges gases and waste

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28
Q

advantages of amniote evolution

A

allowed animals to develop on land
- no larval stage

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29
Q

anamniote animals

A

amphibians, ray-finned fish, sharks

30
Q

anamniote meaning

A

eggs laid in water
- facilitates gas and water exchange

31
Q

where does cell division occur in a blastopore

A

animal pole

32
Q

epiboly meaning

A

layer of cells spreads out from the animal pole and covers the rest of the vegetal pole

33
Q

when does gastrulation occur

A

when epiboly reaches the bottom of the vegetal pole; forms germ layer

34
Q

which pole is the blastopore closer to

A

animal pole

35
Q

where is cell division more frequent

A

animal pole

36
Q

where does the archenteron form

A

in the cavity beyond the dorsal lip

37
Q

first step of avian gastrulation

A

posterior epiblast cells change shape and thicken, forming the primitive streak

38
Q

second step of avian gastrulation

A

cells migrate, converging at the primitive streak and causing it to elongate

39
Q

third/fourth step of avian gastrulation

A

the primitive streak narrows and lengthens, forming the primitive groove (the chick blastopore)
- cells migrate inward through the primitive groove and Hensen’s node

40
Q

fifth step of avian gastrulation

A

cells generated in Hensen’s node and passing into the gastrula migrate anteriorly and form head structures and notochord
- conveyor belt moving in

41
Q

what does gastrulation involve

A

cells moving in through the primitive streak/groove to form the three germ layers

42
Q

at what point does the fertilized egg have two axes

A

before first cleavage

43
Q

what are the two first axes of the fertilized egg

A

animal - vegetal axis, and dorsal-ventral axis (gray crescent)

44
Q

how does the ectoderm choose between different fates?

A

neural induction

45
Q

what is the dorsal blastopore lip derived from

A

the gray crescent

46
Q

what determines the location of the gray crescent

A

where the sperm enters

47
Q

what happens if the gray crescent is not equally distributed between the two halves of the fertilized egg

A

one tadpole develops a nervous system and the other stays as a “belly piece”

48
Q

what was the outcome of the Spemann-Mangold experiment

A

when the dorsal lip of one embryo was transplanted into a host embryo, the host organism became conjoined to the donor embryo

49
Q

what is the Spemann-Mangold organizer

A

the dorsal lip of the blastopore

50
Q

what is the precursor to the epidermis

A

the animal cap from pre-gastrula embryo (no organizer)

51
Q

what is the precursor to neural tissue

A

animal cap from gastrula (has organizer)

52
Q

what happens when a normal fertilized egg is treated with lithium

A

it becomes a hyper dorsalized embryo

53
Q

what happens when a normal fertilized egg is treated with UV

A

it becomes a ventralized embryo
- nervous system missing, similar to belly piecew

54
Q

what happens when polyA mRNA from Li-treated fertilized egg is implanted in a UV-treated fertilized egg?

A

a normal embryo develops
- rescues nervous system development

55
Q

how did scientists determine which gene induces nervous system development

A
  • created a cDNA library
  • broke into 3 pieces, pooled it, and injected into UV-treated animals => 1 subpool rescues nervous system development
  • repeat process until you get the one thing that causes nervous system development
56
Q

which gene induces nervous system development

A

Noggin
- dose dependent manner (no Noggin = no nervous system development, lots of Noggin = full development or hyperdorsalization)

57
Q

what is Noggin?

A

a soluble protein that induces overlying ectoderm to adopt a neural fate

58
Q

what does knocking down follistatin, chordin, and noggin cause

A

severe loss of neural structures (loss-of-function experiment)

59
Q

what do dissociated pre-gastrula animal cells grow into

A

neurons

60
Q

what do dissociated pre-gastrula animal cells cultured with BMP grow into

A

skin

61
Q

what do intact pre-gastrula animal caps cultured with BMP inhibitors grow into

A

neurons

62
Q

what does BMP made by the animal cap do

A

inhibits neural fate

63
Q

what does BMP stand for

A

bone morphogenic proteins

64
Q

what group is BMP a part of

A

TGF-beta super family, a large group of secreted proteins

65
Q

first step of BMP cell signaling cascade

A

BMP binds to its receptor from the outside of the cell

66
Q

second step of BMP cell signaling cascade

A

the binding leads to activation of the intracellular part of the receptor

67
Q

third step of BMP cell signaling cascade

A

activated receptor phosphorylates an intracellular protein called SMAD

68
Q

fourth step of BMP cell signaling cascade

A

Pi-SMAD binds co-SMAD and they move to the nucleus

69
Q

fifth step of BMP cell signaling cascade

A

in the nucleus, Pi-SMAD and co-SMAD regulate gene expression

70
Q

noggin, chordin, and follistatin function

A

prevent BMP from binding its receptor
- signaling cascade that selects epidermal fate is not switched on

71
Q

default model

A

the default fate of ectoderm is neural; this fate is repressed by neighboring cells through BMP signaling
- the organizer de-represses neural fate by inhibiting BMP signaling

72
Q
A

Neuro M101B (4 decks)

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