Module 1: LEADERSHIP Flashcards
Leadership, like sex, language, and groups, make the anthropologist’s list of universals that have been identified as _____ to all cultures and all civilizations, without exception.
common
_______ are the influential interpersonal processes that take place in groups, and one of the most influential of these processes is _______.
Group dynamics, leadership
Leadership is the “successful influence by the leader that results in the attainment of goals by the influenced followers”
Bass
Leadership is “the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done”
Yukl
Leadership is “a process whereby an individual influences a group”
Northouse
Leaders are “individuals who significantly influence the thoughts, behaviors, and/or feelings of others”
Gardner
They can issue directives, orders, instructions, and so on. But leaders also ____ their followers in more subtle and less perceptible ways.
influence
Leaders don’t just order, demand, and require but also ________ and ______
persuade, and guide
Leadership is more about _____, rather than position
process
3 definition of Leadership
- Leadership Is an Influence Process
- Leadership Is a Cooperative, Reciprocal Relationship
- Leadership Is a Goal-Oriented Process
In general, leaders appear in groups when: (4)
o members feel that success on the group task is within their reach,
o the rewards of success are valued,
o the task requires group effort rather than individual effort, and
o an individual with previous experience in the leadership role is present in the group
A group that is facing a _______—such as a potential failure or danger—is also likely
to embrace a leader’s guidance.
stressful situation
Two-factor model of Leadership
- | Task leadership
- | Relationship leadership
- focuses on the group’s work and its goals.
Task leadership
proposes solutions, monitors compliance with procedures, and stresses the need for efficiency
and productivity
Task leadership
focuses on the interpersonal relations within the group.
Relationship leadership
Sex Differences in Leadership
- Men tend to be agentic(Task oriented)
- Women are more communal(Warm)
when asked to describe themselves to others in just-formed groups, stress their communal qualities with such adjectives as open, fair, responsible, and pleasant.
Women
describe themselves as influential, powerful, and skilled at the task to be done
Men
- the “great man” theory
- leaders possess certain characteristics that mark them for greatness, so history could be best studied by considering the contributions of the few great men and women.
Great Leader Theory
“He” offered up his great ‘leader theory of history’ (Great Leader Theory)
- historian “Thomas Carlyle”
- nineteenth century
- traced leadership emergence and effectiveness to the situational, rather than, personal factors
The Zeitgeist Theory
“He” argued such leaders as Alexander the Great and
Napoleon came to prominence because the spirit of the times—the Zeitgeist—was propitious for
the dominance of a single individual, and the qualities of the person were largely irrelevant to this rise to power.
The Russian novelist “Leo Tolstoy” in contrast
assumes that leaders possess certain personality traits and characteristics and that these characteristics are responsible for their rise in the leadership ranks
trait approach
suggests that leadership is determined by a host of variables operating in the leadership situation, including the size of the group, its cohesion, the quality of leader–member relations, and the type of task to be performed.
situational approach
Neither approach is sufficient to account for leadership emergence, but must be instead combined in an ________ that considers both personal qualities as well as situational factors when predicting leadership.
interactional approach
Formula for Behavior
- Behavior = f (P, E).
3 Approaches in Leadership Emergence
- trait approach
- situational approach
- Interactional Approach
trait approach, which in its strongest form assumed that some people were _______ leaders, faded in popularity as researchers reported a series of failures to find any consistent impact of personality on leadership behavior across a wide variety of situations.
natural-born
The Dark Triad
- Machiavellianism
- Narcissism
- Psychopathy
They endorse using manipulative tactics in dealing with other people and espouse/adopt a cynical view of human nature
Machiavellians
They have inflated views of their self-worth; they tend to exaggerate their achievements, block criticism, refuse to compromise, and seek out attention and recognition from others
Narcissists
They lack concern for both other people as well as for social regulatory mechanisms, so they tend to act impulsively without full consideration of the consequences of their choices
Psychopaths
Researchers found that participants who spent more time talking were more likely to be nominated as leaders – regardless of operator status, previous gameplay knowledge and variables such as personality traits and cognitive ability.
The Bubble Effect
(True or false) Leaders tend to differ physically from their fellow group members.
True - They are often taller, healthier, and older than the average group member
(True or false) People who look physically fit are considered more leader-like than individuals who are out of shape
True
(True or false) Older people too tend to be viewed as leaders more so than younger group members, particularly if group members assume that age is an indicator of wisdom, experience, and sagacity.
True
4 TYPES OF LEADERSHIP
- Autocratic Leadership
- Democratic Leadership
- Laissez-faire Leadership
- Transformational Leadership
- can easily be summed up by the command, “Do as you’re told.”
- direction comes from the top, a singular figure who leads a company or team. This type of leader determines strategy, policies, procedures, and the direction of the organization, dictating everything to subordinates.
- They are not focused on collaboration with those in their circle, they are rarely interested in feedback, and they prefer to hold all of the power and be in charge.
Autocratic Leadership
- Also known as Participative Leadership, it involves gathering input from your subordinates and team members so everyone has a chance to contribute to the decision-making process.
- They are still the decision-makers, but their approach allows others to feel engaged and have a stake in the final outcome.
- This leaders excel at sparking creativity among subordinates, and projects are enhanced when positive contributions come from all sides.
Democratic Leadership
- Don’t let the name deceive you. This Leadership is not a “Who cares?” approach. Rather, it involves empowering your employees, being hands-off, and trusting them to accomplish the task at hand without constant questions or micromanagement.
- This leaders leave decisions to their employees, while staying available to provide feedback when necessary.
Laissez-faire Leadership
- This Leadership involves developing a grand vision and rallying your employees around it. Under this style, the team is eager to transform and evolve – personally and professionally – in order to achieve the overall goal.
- With the organization and employees aligned, teams working under a this leader are united for the singular cause, and willing to commit their effort, time, and energy to the organization.
Transformational Leadership
