Module 1: LEADERSHIP

Question 1

Leadership, like sex, language, and groups, make the anthropologist’s list of universals that have been identified as _____ to all cultures and all civilizations, without exception.

Answer 1

common

Question 2

_______ are the influential interpersonal processes that take place in groups, and one of the most influential of these processes is _______.

Answer 2

Group dynamics, leadership

Question 3

Leadership is the “successful influence by the leader that results in the attainment of goals by the influenced followers”

Answer 3

Bass

Question 4

Leadership is “the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done”

Answer 4

Yukl

Question 5

Leadership is “a process whereby an individual influences a group”

Answer 5

Northouse

Question 6

Leaders are “individuals who significantly influence the thoughts, behaviors, and/or feelings of others”

Answer 6

Gardner

Question 7

They can issue directives, orders, instructions, and so on. But leaders also ____ their followers in more subtle and less perceptible ways.

Answer 7

influence

Question 8

Leaders don’t just order, demand, and require but also ________ and ______

Answer 8

persuade, and guide

Question 9

Leadership is more about _____, rather than position

Answer 9

process

Question 10

3 definition of Leadership

Answer 10

1. Leadership Is an Influence Process
2. Leadership Is a Cooperative, Reciprocal Relationship
3. Leadership Is a Goal-Oriented Process

Question 11

In general, leaders appear in groups when: (4)

Answer 11

o members feel that success on the group task is within their reach,
o the rewards of success are valued,
o the task requires group effort rather than individual effort, and
o an individual with previous experience in the leadership role is present in the group

Question 12

A group that is facing a _______—such as a potential failure or danger—is also likely
to embrace a leader’s guidance.

Answer 12

stressful situation

Question 13

Two-factor model of Leadership

Answer 13

• | Task leadership
• | Relationship leadership

Question 14

• focuses on the group’s work and its goals.

Answer 14

Task leadership

Question 15

proposes solutions, monitors compliance with procedures, and stresses the need for efficiency
and productivity

Answer 15

Task leadership

Question 16

focuses on the interpersonal relations within the group.

Answer 16

Relationship leadership

Question 17

Sex Differences in Leadership

Answer 17

• Men tend to be agentic(Task oriented)
• Women are more communal(Warm)

Question 18

when asked to describe themselves to others in just-formed groups, stress their communal qualities with such adjectives as open, fair, responsible, and pleasant.

Answer 18

Women

Question 19

describe themselves as influential, powerful, and skilled at the task to be done

Answer 19

Men

Question 20

• the “great man” theory
• leaders possess certain characteristics that mark them for greatness, so history could be best studied by considering the contributions of the few great men and women.

Answer 20

Great Leader Theory

Question 21

“He” offered up his great ‘leader theory of history’ (Great Leader Theory)

Answer 21

• historian “Thomas Carlyle”
• nineteenth century

Question 22

• traced leadership emergence and effectiveness to the situational, rather than, personal factors

Answer 22

The Zeitgeist Theory

Question 23

“He” argued such leaders as Alexander the Great and
Napoleon came to prominence because the spirit of the times—the Zeitgeist—was propitious for
the dominance of a single individual, and the qualities of the person were largely irrelevant to this rise to power.

Answer 23

The Russian novelist “Leo Tolstoy” in contrast

Question 24

assumes that leaders possess certain personality traits and characteristics and that these characteristics are responsible for their rise in the leadership ranks

Answer 24

trait approach

Question 25

suggests that leadership is determined by a host of variables operating in the leadership situation, including the size of the group, its cohesion, the quality of leader–member relations, and the type of task to be performed.

Answer 25

situational approach

Question 26

Neither approach is sufficient to account for leadership emergence, but must be instead combined in an ________ that considers both personal qualities as well as situational factors when predicting leadership.

Answer 26

interactional approach

Question 27

Formula for Behavior

Answer 27

• Behavior = f (P, E).

Question 28

3 Approaches in Leadership Emergence

Answer 28

• trait approach
• situational approach
• Interactional Approach

Question 29

trait approach, which in its strongest form assumed that some people were _______ leaders, faded in popularity as researchers reported a series of failures to find any consistent impact of personality on leadership behavior across a wide variety of situations.

Answer 29

natural-born

Question 30

The Dark Triad

Answer 30

• Machiavellianism
• Narcissism
• Psychopathy

Question 31

They endorse using manipulative tactics in dealing with other people and espouse/adopt a cynical view of human nature

Answer 31

Machiavellians

Question 32

They have inflated views of their self-worth; they tend to exaggerate their achievements, block criticism, refuse to compromise, and seek out attention and recognition from others

Answer 32

Narcissists

Question 33

They lack concern for both other people as well as for social regulatory mechanisms, so they tend to act impulsively without full consideration of the consequences of their choices

Answer 33

Psychopaths

Question 34

Researchers found that participants who spent more time talking were more likely to be nominated as leaders – regardless of operator status, previous gameplay knowledge and variables such as personality traits and cognitive ability.

Answer 34

The Bubble Effect

Question 35

(True or false) Leaders tend to differ physically from their fellow group members.

Answer 35

True - They are often taller, healthier, and older than the average group member

Question 36

(True or false) People who look physically fit are considered more leader-like than individuals who are out of shape

Answer 36

True

Question 37

(True or false) Older people too tend to be viewed as leaders more so than younger group members, particularly if group members assume that age is an indicator of wisdom, experience, and sagacity.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

4 TYPES OF LEADERSHIP

Answer 38

• Autocratic Leadership
• Democratic Leadership
• Laissez-faire Leadership
• Transformational Leadership

Question 39

• can easily be summed up by the command, “Do as you’re told.”
• direction comes from the top, a singular figure who leads a company or team. This type of leader determines strategy, policies, procedures, and the direction of the organization, dictating everything to subordinates.
• They are not focused on collaboration with those in their circle, they are rarely interested in feedback, and they prefer to hold all of the power and be in charge.

Answer 39

Autocratic Leadership

Question 40

• Also known as Participative Leadership, it involves gathering input from your subordinates and team members so everyone has a chance to contribute to the decision-making process.
• They are still the decision-makers, but their approach allows others to feel engaged and have a stake in the final outcome.
• This leaders excel at sparking creativity among subordinates, and projects are enhanced when positive contributions come from all sides.

Answer 40

Democratic Leadership

Question 41

• Don’t let the name deceive you. This Leadership is not a “Who cares?” approach. Rather, it involves empowering your employees, being hands-off, and trusting them to accomplish the task at hand without constant questions or micromanagement.
• This leaders leave decisions to their employees, while staying available to provide feedback when necessary.

Answer 41

Laissez-faire Leadership

Question 42

• This Leadership involves developing a grand vision and rallying your employees around it. Under this style, the team is eager to transform and evolve – personally and professionally – in order to achieve the overall goal.
• With the organization and employees aligned, teams working under a this leader are united for the singular cause, and willing to commit their effort, time, and energy to the organization.

Answer 42

Transformational Leadership