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PHSC 1101 Botany > Module 1: Land Plants > Flashcards

Module 1: Land Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Offsprings develop from what?

A

Multicellular embryos

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2
Q

Are vascular tissues present in all plants?

A

Yes, except for the Bryophytes.

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3
Q

What are the four main groups of land plants?

A

Bryotphytes
Pteriodophytes
Gymnosperm
Angiosperms

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4
Q

What are bryophytes? Give examples.

A

The informal group name for mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They are non-vascular plants, which means they have no roots or vascular tissue.

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5
Q

Where do bryophytes absorb water and nutrients?

A

Leaves

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6
Q

Where do bryophytes thrive?

A

Damp, shady environments

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7
Q

How do bryophytes reproduce?

A

Spores

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Liverworts?

A

Flat leafy body lacking cuticle, stomata, roots, stems or leaves

Gametophyte-dominant

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9
Q

What are the simplest of plants?

A

Liverworts

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the Hornworts?

A

Dominate gametophyte and have stomata

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11
Q

Describe mosses.

A

Small, most have simple vascular tissue

Sporophyte with slender stalk and spore capsule “leafy” green gametophyte that lacks roots, stems and leaves

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12
Q

Describe pteriodophytes. Give examples.

A

Seedless
Has vascular tissues but lack xylem and phloem
Reproduce through spores

Ex. Ferns

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13
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Conifers

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14
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowering plants

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15
Q

What are charophyceans?

A

The green algae most closely related to land plants.

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16
Q

Five characteristics unique to land plants

A

Apical meristem – localized regions of
active cell division in roots and shoots

Embryophtes – multicellular dependent
embryos

Alternation of Generations

Walled spores produced in sporangia

Multicellular reproductive structures –
antheridia and archegonia

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16
Q

Elaborate the features that distinguish land plants.

A

Plasma membranes containing rosette
cellulose – synthesizing proteins

Peroxisomes – help maximize the loss of
organic products due to photorespiration.

Flagellated sperm are similar

Cell division – formation of phragmoplast

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17
Q

What do you call the multicellular haploid?

A

Gametophyte

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18
Q

What do you call the multicellular diploid?

A

Sporophyte

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19
Q

What are the plant cells made of?

A

Cellulose

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19
Q

Define a plant.

A

Multicellular eukaryotes that are
photosynthetic autotrophs

Cell walls made of cellulose

Store surplus carbohydrates as starch

Mostly terrestrial

20
Q

What is a cellulose?

A

A tough, fibrous, and water-insoluble polysaccharide, plays an integral role in keeping the structure of plant cell walls stable.

21
Q

What is a cuticle? What type of land plant has this?

A

It is a protection from radiation and to conserve waterby being a surface cover of the plant

Bryophytes

21
Q

What are secondary plant products?

A

Small molecular weight compounds produced by secondary metabolic pathways in plants

Non-essential for normal growth and development but has benefits such as:
- defense against pathogens
- pests and herbivores or the attraction of pollinators.

22
Q

An amorphous polymer related to cellulose that provides rigidity.

A

Lignin

23
Q

What are the biological functions of lignin?

A

Water transport
Mechanical support
Resistance to various stresses

24
Q

One of the most chemically inert biological polymers and a major component in (exine) outer wall for plant spores and pollen grains.

A

Sporopollenin

25
Q

What is stomata?

A

Tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange

26
Q

What specialized cells surround stomata that open and closes stomatal pores?

A

Guard cells

27
Q

Elaborate the reproduction of land plants.

A

They all undergo via alternation of generations.

  1. Gametophytes produce haploid gametes (egg and sperm) in gametangia by mitosis.
  2. These gametes unite and fertilize = zygote
  3. Develops into a sporophyte which contains diploid somatic cells
  4. Sporophyte undergo meosis = four haploid cells
  5. Germinate without fertilization = gametophyte
28
Q

What is a gametangia?

A

An organ or cell in which gametes are produced

29
Q

A key adaptation to the success of plants on land

A

Embryophytes

30
Q

How do plants thrive?

A

Vascular system

31
Q

Elaborate vascular system.

A

A complicated network of conducting tissues that interconnects all organs and transports water, minerals, nutrients, organic compounds, and various signaling molecules throughout the plant body.

32
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves

33
Q

Phloem

A

Conducts food from the leaves to all parts of the plant

34
Q

What are vascular bundles?

A

Discrete clusters of xylem and phloem tissues that run longitudinally along the stem

35
Q

What are the vascular system of monocots?

A

Consists of vascular bundles scattered across the stem

36
Q

What are the vascular system of dicots?

A

Features vascular tissues that surround a central pith

37
Q

Define monocots.

A

Embryo with single cotyledon

Pollen with single furrow or pore

Flower parts in multiples of three

Major leaf veins parallel

Stem vacular bundles scattered

Roots are adventitious

Secondary growth absent

37
Q

Define monocots.

A

Embryo with single cotyledon

Pollen with single furrow or pore

Flower parts in multiples of three

Major leaf veins parallel

Stem vacular bundles scattered

Roots are adventitious

Secondary growth absent

37
Q

Define dicots.

A

Embryo with two cotyledons
Pollen with three furrows or pores
Flower parts in multiples of four or five
Major leaf veins reticulated
Stem vascular bundles in a ring
Roots develop from radicle
Secondary growth often present

38
Q

All plants are ____?

A

Monophyletic, or monophylogeny, is a term used to describe a group of organisms that are classified in the same taxon and share a most common recent ancestor.

39
Q

Elaborate the four main periods of plant evolution.

A
  1. Spores toughened by sporopollenin and
    jacketed in gametangia that protect the
    gametes
  2. Plant diversification in the Devonian period –
    earliest vascular plants lacking seeds
  3. The origin of the seed
  4. Emergence of flowering plants
40
Q

Discuss the origin of land plants.

A

Ancestral Green Algae
Simpler Charophyceans
Complex Charophyceans
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes (Lycophytes)
Pteridophytes (Ferns, Horsetails, White ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperm

41
Q

The first plants evolved in land?

A

Pterophyta

42
Q

Measurement of largest ferns.

A

Largest ferns are 82 feet
tall with fronds 16 feet
long

43
Q

What do you call the leaves of pterophyta?

A

Fronds

44
Q

A tightly coiled new leaf

A

Fiddlehead

45
Q

Does pterophyte has underground stem?

A

Yes, called rhizome.

46
Q

What is dominant in vascular plants?

A

Branched sporophyte and is independent
of the parent gametophyte.

PHSC 1101 Botany (2 decks)

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