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Human Cell Physiology > Module 1: Introduction to the Cell and the Central Dogma > Flashcards

Module 1: Introduction to the Cell and the Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

Where within a cell is most of the energy produced?

a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. peroxisome
c. nucleus
d. mitochondria

A

d. mitochondria

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2
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?

Question 2 options:
a. has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
b. small relative to eukaryotic cells
c. undergoes mitosis for cell division
d. usually multicellular

A

b. small relative to eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

DNA mutations are:

Question 3 options:
d. Only solved during DNA replication.
b. A permanent change to the DNA sequence.
c. Prevented by helicase proofreading in the cell.
a. Always lethal for the cell.

A

b. A permanent change to the DNA sequence.

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4
Q

Which of the following describes a connective tissue cell?

Question 4 options:
a. creates material that holds cells together
b. gives strength and support to the body
c. form protective barriers
d. formed in the bone marrow and move throughout the body

A

a. creates material that holds cells together

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5
Q

Which of the following cell types would you predict to have the most mitochondria?

Question 5 options:
a. blood cell
b. connective tissue cell
c. muscle cell
d. nerve cell

A

c. muscle cell

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6
Q

Oligosaccharides are comprised of how many monosaccharides?

Question 6 options:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3-10
d. 11 or more

A

c. 3-10

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7
Q

Which of the following statements concerning lipids is INCORRECT?

Question 7 options:
a. lipids are oils and fats
b. they are generally hydrophobic
c. they readily dissolve in water
d. they are made of hydrocarbons

A

c. they readily dissolve in water

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8
Q

DNA nucleotides:

Question 8 options:
a. Use ionic bonds to hold base pairs together.
b. Form the base pairs of adenine with cytosine and thymine with guanine.
c. Have purines forming base pairs with pyrimidines
d. Form strands parallel to each other, and run in the same direction.

A

c. Have purines forming base pairs with pyrimidines

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9
Q

RNA is different than DNA because it:

Question 9 options:
a. Uses uracil rather than thymine.
b. Is much more stable in the cell.
c. Contains deoxyribose.
d. Does not require energy for synthesis.

A

a. Uses uracil rather than thymine.

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10
Q

Okazaki Fragments

Question 10 options:
a. Allow for continuous replication of DNA.
b. Occur due to DNA damage from UV radiation.
c. Pack DNA 7-fold.
d. are the lagging strand synthesis of DNA.

A

d. are the lagging strand synthesis of DNA.

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11
Q

Ribosomes are

Question 11 options:
a. Made of ribosomal RNA.
d. Not enzymes.
b. Found in the nucleus.
c. Transcribe RNA.

A

a. Made of ribosomal RNA.

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12
Q

The creation of messenger RNA is known as:

Question 12 options:
a. Translation
b. Replication
c. Transcription
d. Translocation

A

c. Transcription

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Question 13 options:
a. a base
b. a pentose sugar
c. at least one phosphate group
d. a hexose sugar

A

d. a hexose sugar

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14
Q

What do all amino acids have in common?

Question 14 options:
a. long chains of saturated carbons
b. a carboxylate group
c. long chains of unsaturated carbons
d. a sulfhydryl group

A

b. a carboxylate group

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of water?

Question 15 options:
a. it is liquid at room temperature
b. it is polar and forms covalent bonds
c. it is densest as a liquid
d. it has a high heat of vaporization

A

b. it is polar and forms covalent bonds

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16
Q

Are red blood cells considered eukaryotic? If yes, why? If no, why?

A

-Yes. Though they have no nuclei or membranes, they are still eukaryotic.
-They are formed from a precursor cell (stem cell)
-Stem cells can differentiate into many different kinds of cells (called blasts) which can become mature cells in the body
-Red blood cells are matured stem cells that have organelles

17
Q

What breaks down molecules that produce hydrogen peroxide?
a. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
c. endosome
d. peroxisome

A

d. peroxisome

18
Q

What sorts and condenses content that arrives from outside the cell?
a. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
c. endosome
d. peroxisome

A

c. endosome

19
Q

What breaks down waste and debris in the cell?
a. lysosome
b. mitochondrion
c. endosome
d. cytoskeleton

A

a. lysosome

20
Q

What is the highest number of bonds carbon can form?

A) 4
B) 3
C) 2
D) 6

A

A) 4

21
Q

What does the term amphipathic mean?

A) A term that describes the shape of a lipid
B) A molecule that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
C) The ability of carbon to form 4 bonds
D) The property of having a high specific heat capacity

A

B) A molecule that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

22
Q

Which one of these is NOT an example of a protein?

A) Keratin
B) Receptors
C) Enzymes
D) Cholesterol

A

D) Cholesterol

23
Q

The fundamental structural unit of DNA is ________________; combinations of these structural units are arranges sequentially to form a linear strand of DNA.

A

Deoxyribonucleotide

24
Q

Each Nucleotide is made up of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a ___________ group, and a nitrogenous base.

A

Phosphate

25
Q

What might happen if there was a mutation in the promoter region of a gene?

A

Given that the initiation of transcription depends on the binding of transcription factors to the promoter region, if something was to interfere with this process like a mutation in the sequence, it could result in silencing the expression of the entire gene.

26
Q

At the subcellular level, where does transcription occur?

A) Mitochondria
B) Cytoplasm
C) Nucleus
D) Nucleolus

A

C) Nucleus

27
Q

What would be the impact of a large deletion in the gene promoter?

A

Transcription will not start.

28
Q

What could happen when an error is produced during DNA replication?

A

Errors during replication can result in a mutation in the DNA sequence, which could lead to a mutated protein if it is not properly repaired.

29
Q

Which energy source is utilized during translation for the formation of polypeptides?

A) ATP
B) GTP
C) CTP
D) UTP

A

B) GTP

30
Q

Site where the peptide is guided and released?

A

polypeptide exit tunnel

31
Q

Site where spent tRNA is ejected from the ribosome?

A

E site

32
Q

Site start codon (AUG) needs to position itself before translation can begin?

A

P site

33
Q

Site where tRNA’s first attach to the ribosome?

A

A site

Human Cell Physiology (3 decks)

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