Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUT 111B > Module 1 - Introduction, Dietary Reference Intakes > Flashcards

Module 1 - Introduction, Dietary Reference Intakes Flashcards

1
Q

What are DRIs?

A

A set of nutrient-based reference values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do DRIs serve as a basis for?

A

almost all federal and state food & nutrition programs and policies (ex: SNAP & WIC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DRIs apply to who?

A

only to healthy people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The DRI was published by who?

A

the national academy of sciences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What year was the DRI first published in?

A

1941

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why may DRIs differ for individuals?

A

because they are at different life stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 5 stages of the development of nutritional deficiency?

A
  1. dietary inadequacy (assessed by diet)
  2. decreased reserves (assessed biochemically)
  3. decreased levels in body fluids (assessed biochemically)
  4. decreased function/change in enzyme activity (assessed by anthropometric/biochemical)
  5. clinical symptoms (assessed clinically)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are studies used to determine DRIs?

A
  1. animal models
  2. human feeding studies
  3. observational studies
  4. randomized controlled trials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When are animal models used?

A

used when human data is not available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Human feeding studies involve what?

A

controlled feeding studies in metabolic wards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Observational studies look at what?

A

free living subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which study is used to determine if DRI is considered gold standard?

A

randomized controlled trials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why may adjustments be made to the DRI?

A

because the body’s ability to absorb and use nutrients can vary depending on the food source or whether supplements are used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does EAR stand for?

A

estimated average requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is EAR?

A

the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The EAR plans intakes for who/what?

A

groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the EAR the basis for?

A

RDA values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are studies to determine EAR limited?

A

limited due to few human studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The EAR is an indicator used for what?

A

indicator used for nutrition intake adequacy which is important in determining requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the vit D EAR for females and males aged 19-30?

A

400 IU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or False: The EAR should be used as the goal for mean intake?

A

False (EAR is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individual but can result in half the inadequacy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does RDA stand for?

A

recommended dietary allowance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are RDAs?

A

the average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Usual intake at RDA would have

A

low inadequacy probability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the vitamin D RDA for females and males aged 19-30?

A

600 IU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the ideal process for establishing an RDA?

A
  1. select healthy, representative sample of population
  2. determine EAR
  3. assess range of individual variability
  4. calculate allowances to cover needs of nearly all healthy individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the RDA equation?

A

RDAs = EAR + 2SD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does AI stand for?

A

adequate intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is AI?

A

the recommended average daily intake level based on observations or experiments with healthy people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When is AI used?

A

when an RDA cannot be determined (insufficient data available, cannot do randomized trial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the AI for vitamin D in infants aged 0 to 6 months and 6 to 12 months?

A

400 IU

32
Q

What does AI represent?

A

the group mean intake of an apparently healthy group of people

33
Q

Similar groups with mean intake at or above ai can be assumed to have what?

A

low prevalence of inadequate intakes

34
Q

What happens when mean intakes of groups are below ai?

A

it is NOT possible to make any assumption about inadequacy

35
Q

Issuance of an AI is an indication of what?

A

that more research is needed

36
Q

When can AI be replaced by EAR?

A

when more evidence/data is available

37
Q

There is less certainty about ________ than about RDAs

A

AI

38
Q

AIs must be used with

A

reservation and caution

39
Q

What is Tolerable upper Intake Level (UL)?

A

the maximum daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to cause health risks for most people

40
Q

As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects may _______

A

increase

41
Q

What is the UL of vitamin D in females and males aged 19 to 30?

A

4,000 IU

42
Q

What are the challenges to setting UL?

A
  1. absence of dose-response data
  2. few studies in humans or animals
  3. few surveillance studies to establish no-observed adverse effect level
  4. available databases concentrate on supplement intake, not total
  5. significant differences in bioavailability
43
Q

The ULs grew out of what?

A

increased fortification and supplements

44
Q

What does it mean if someone is below the EAR or RDA on the DRI curve?

A

risk of inadequacy increases

45
Q

What does it mean if we go above the UL on the DRI curve?

A

risk of adverse effect increases

46
Q

RDA accounts for who?

A

majority of healthy individuals

47
Q

EAR accounts for who?

A

50% of people

48
Q

The requirements for iron are

A

the same up to 14, then biological sex changes it (menstruation)

49
Q

RDAs and AIs are

A

levels of intake recommended for individual

50
Q

Nutrient needs may be based on

A

body size

51
Q

For purposes of the EAR or UL, what was used to establish age/gender values?

A

reference weights and heights

52
Q

Within the 4-8 year old range, who would have a smaller requirement? A 4 year old or an 8 year old?

A

4 year old (RDA or AI cover both)

53
Q

Is dietary assessment an exact science?

A

no

54
Q

What is dietary assessment?

A

The best estimate of individual or group intake

55
Q

What does dietary assessment calculate?

A

The probability of inadequacy for individuals and prevalence of adequacy within a group

56
Q

Assessing an individual’s nutrient adequacy requires knowing what?

A
  1. individual’s requirement for that nutrient
  2. individual’s long-term usual intake of that nutrient
    (neither are usually known –> assumptions are needed)
57
Q

When assessing an individual’s diet we assume what?

A

that the individual’s requirement is the same as the EAR

58
Q

Is an RDA appropriate for assessing groups?

A

no, it meets or exceeds requirements of 97%-98% of individuals. using RDA would overestimate the proportion of the group at risk of inadequacy

59
Q

What judgement can you make if usual intake is equal to RDA?

A

intake is adequate

60
Q

RDAs can be used in planning for what?

A

groups and individuals, but not in assessing adequacy or intake

61
Q

What would happen if an RDA was used to assess groups?

A

it would overestimate the proportion of the group at risk of inadequacy

62
Q

What judgement about nutrient adequacy can you make if usual intake is < EAR?

a. intake is inadequate
b. intake is adequate
c. intake is similar to RDA

A

a. intake is inadequate

63
Q

What judgement about nutrient adequacy can you make if usual intake is equal to RDA?

a. intake is inadequate
b. intake is adequate
c. intake is similar to EAR

A

b. intake is adequate

64
Q

In individuals what do EARs examine?

A

examine the possibility of inadequacy

65
Q

In groups, what do EARs examine?

A

examine the prevalence of inadequate intakes within a group

66
Q

What does it mean if an individuals usual intake is at or above the RDA?

A

they have low probability of inadequacy

67
Q

What is RDA not used to assess?

A

not used to assess intakes of groups

68
Q

What does it mean if an individuals usual intake is at/above the AI?

A

they have a low probability of inadequacy

69
Q

What does it mean if a groups mean intake is at/above the AI?

A

low prevalence of inadequate intakes

70
Q

What does it mean if an individuals usual intake is above the UL?

A

they may be at risk of adverse effects

71
Q

What are ULs used to estimate?

A

used to estimate the % population at potential risk of adverse effects from excessive nutrient intake

72
Q

What are the limitations of DRIs?

A
  1. EAR may be based on data from limited number of individuals
  2. Precise variation in requirements is approximated
  3. Normal distribution
73
Q

What are DRIs used for?

A
  1. assess diets of individuals and populations
  2. basis for nutrition education
  3. food assistance program planning (ex: school meals, WIC)
  4. to assess impact of interventions
  5. food fortifications
  6. food products
74
Q

Suzanna is a vegetarian and wants to know what iron intake she should be eating. What DRI level do you recommend?

a. EAR
b. RDA
c. AI
d. UL

A

b. RDA

75
Q

You are conducting a research project where you are comparing US children (9-10 y/o) dietary vitamin D intake with recommended levels. Which DRI level should you use?

a. EAR
b. RDA
c. AI
d. UL

A

a. EAR

76
Q

Which DRI level do infants use?

A

AI

77
Q

Which DRI level do kids, aged 9-10, use?

A

EAR

NUT 111B (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions