Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHEE 452 > Module 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Module 1 - Introduction Flashcards

Physiology and function of the cardiovascular and respiratory system

1
Q

Activities in the body such as cell-to-cell communication, nutrition, repair, growth, the distribution of heat to the external environment are accomplished in large part by ______ ______.

A

Fluid transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major organs and tissues in the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The cardiovascular system transports (7):

A
  • Oxygen
  • CO2
  • Chemical signalling molecules
  • Nutrients
  • Waste products
  • Heat
  • Cells and proteins of the immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a neutrophil do? Where is it involved?

A

Recognizes foreign material and tries to break it down via phagocytosis. Neutrophils activate/increase in [] to fight infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Platelets consist of ___% of blood.

A

4.9%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the most important proteins in blood?

A

albumin and fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: Hematocrit are white blood cells

A

F: they are red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plasma is ___% water.

A

91.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the “normal” blood volumes in the body?

A

adult females: 4.5-5.5L
adult males: 5-6L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the formal name of the force pushing fluid though vessels?

A

Shear stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why isn’t blood a newtonian fluid?

A

Blood behaves like gravy: proteins in blood (fibrinogen) will bind with itself and coagulate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Bingham fluids?

A

Fluids that are still Newtonian, but it takes a bit of stress to make them flow (ie. toothpaste out the tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: Solubility = f(mol weight)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Casson fluid?

A

A fluid that is non-newtonian and requires an initial shear stress to start flowing (blood).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does plasma have a higher viscosity than water?

A

Globular proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Yield stress in blood is due to _________ and __________.

A

Hematocrit; fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: The right heart pumps blood to the body (systemic circulation)

A

FALSE: Right heart pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What occurs in a heart murmur?

A

A valve doesn’t close completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Briefly describe diastole and systole.

A

Diastole: period of the cycle where the ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood.

Systole: period where ventricles are contracting and pumping blood out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F: Diastole takes longer than systole.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is ‘normal’ blood pressure?

A

120/80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The pumping action of the ventricles results in a _________ flow, and BPs within the systemic vaculature.

A

Pulsatile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The _________ and __________ are the distribution system, the __________ are the diffusion and filtration system, and the _________ and __________ are a collection system.

A

Arteries, arterioles

Capillaries

Veins, venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Blood vessels are ________ tubes capable of ________.

A

Elastic, distension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the formula for compliance (of the blood vessel)?

A

Compliance = delta(V)/delta(P)

26
Q

T/F: A higher Young’s Modulus = stiffer material

A

True

27
Q

The compliance of arteries allows them to ______ ______ and use it to move blood during diastole.

A

Store energy

28
Q

What is parasteltic flow?

A

Sequential contraction of the arterial walls

29
Q

What is one of the challenges with graphs?

A

Compliance mismatch (ie. ‘rigidity’ and ‘fit’ of vessels do not align)

30
Q

The outflow of blood from LV is not in phase with the heartbeat because…?

A

Blood vessel compliance

31
Q

What is delta(P)/F?

A

Mechanical impedance

32
Q

What does mechanical impedance depend on?

A
  • Resistance
  • Compliance
  • Inertial properties of vessels + blood
33
Q

How can arteries convert pulsatile ejections into steady, even flows?

A

Arterial walls are compliant, and possess recoil

34
Q

T/F: When oxygenated blood is first pumped from LV, it experiences high friction

A

FALSE: Minimal pressure losses (ie. friction) occurs due to smooth epothelial cell walls of artieries

35
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Absorbs O2 from air, transports to tissues
  • Elim. CO2 from blood
  • Protects against inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
36
Q

Why is CO2 harmful to the body?

A

Forms carbonic acid, lowers pH

37
Q

What is the purpose of the pleural cavity?

A

Small pocket between visceral pleura (lung wall) and parietal pleural (outside wall) that contains fluid that stays tight to muscle wall; allows for expansion/contraction

38
Q

T/F: The stiffness of the respiratory system decreases as we go further down

A

True

39
Q

T/F: The bronchi contain mucosa (ciliated epithelial cells), and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse

A

True, but all characteristics of trachea as well (and bronchi usually have irregular-size plates of cartilage)

40
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the alveoli?

A
  • Type 1 alveolar
  • Type 2 alveolar
  • Alveolar macrophage
41
Q

What are the 3 basic steps of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External (pulmonary) respiration
  3. Internal (tissue) respiration
42
Q

List the 4 major mechanisms that drive pulmonary ventilation:

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure
  2. Intra-alveolar pressure
  3. Inter-pleural pressure
  4. Transpulmonary pressure
43
Q

T/F: The intrapleural pressure is always negative

A

True

44
Q

The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory centre in the _________ _________, which responds to changes in ____, ____, and ____ levels in blood.

A

Medulla oblongata; CO2, O2, pH

45
Q

What causes flow to be turbulent?

A

Frictional forces in fluid causing eddies

46
Q

Re for turb and lam flow?

A

Turb: Re > 2000
Lam: Re < 2000

47
Q

T/F: For the most part, blood flow is laminar under resting conditions.

A

True (turb only during exercise in large vessels)

48
Q

T/F: air flow velocity is lowest in the upper airways and decreases with each branching

A

FALSE: velocity is highest in upper airways

49
Q

What assumption(s) of the HP equation does/do not apply to blood?

A
  • Tube is straight, rigid and cylindrical with constant radius
  • Newtonian fluid
50
Q

T/F: The HP equation is widely used for blood

A

FALSE: only for broad applications and predictions

51
Q

What assumptions are applied to the E-balance equation to yield Bernoulli?

A
  • Steady state
  • No losses due to friction
  • Incompressible (dens is cst)
  • Mechanical E at a point is cst with time
  • T is cst
  • No heat is exchanged
  • No heat generation
52
Q

What is atherosclerosis, and what is it caused by?

A
  • Hardening of arteries
  • Caused by excess cholesterol in blood
53
Q

What is the purpose of fibroblasts?

A

Create provisional ECM (underneath the scab, fibroblasts distribute collagen)

54
Q

What is stenosis? What was used to treat stenosis?

A
  • Narrowing of the artery
  • Stents are used to keep the artery wall open and ‘squish’ the stenosis
55
Q

Blood and airway vessels change shape as a result of _________ pressure (they are compliant).

A

Transmural

56
Q

What the formula for compliance?

A

C = dV/dP_tm

57
Q

What does the Windkessel Model do?

A

Models arterial blood pressure

58
Q

T/F: In the Windkessel model, we assume all resistance of flow is experienced by systemic circulation.

A

True

59
Q

T/F: The Windkessel model is quantitative, and accurately predicts the actual pressure of the aorta.

A

FALSE: it is qualitative, and does not predict actual P of aorta

60
Q

3 layers of blood vessels and their tissue types

A

Most inward: tunica intima (endothelium, smooth lining)

Middle: tunica media (smooth muscle, fibroelastic connective tissue)

Outward: tunica adventitia (connective tissue, protective, anchoring. Blood supply for vessel)

61
Q

Windkessel Effect

A

Describes how arteries can be exposed to pulsatile ejections from the heart (inlet) and converted to steady, even flow at the outlet.

CHEE 452 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions