Module 1 - Introduction Flashcards
Physiology and function of the cardiovascular and respiratory system
Activities in the body such as cell-to-cell communication, nutrition, repair, growth, the distribution of heat to the external environment are accomplished in large part by ______ ______.
Fluid transport
Major organs and tissues in the cardiovascular system
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
The cardiovascular system transports (7):
- Oxygen
- CO2
- Chemical signalling molecules
- Nutrients
- Waste products
- Heat
- Cells and proteins of the immune system
What does a neutrophil do? Where is it involved?
Recognizes foreign material and tries to break it down via phagocytosis. Neutrophils activate/increase in [] to fight infection.
Platelets consist of ___% of blood.
4.9%
What are the most important proteins in blood?
albumin and fibrinogen
T/F: Hematocrit are white blood cells
F: they are red blood cells
Plasma is ___% water.
91.5%
What are the “normal” blood volumes in the body?
adult females: 4.5-5.5L
adult males: 5-6L
What is the formal name of the force pushing fluid though vessels?
Shear stress
Why isn’t blood a newtonian fluid?
Blood behaves like gravy: proteins in blood (fibrinogen) will bind with itself and coagulate.
What are Bingham fluids?
Fluids that are still Newtonian, but it takes a bit of stress to make them flow (ie. toothpaste out the tube)
T/F: Solubility = f(mol weight)
True
What is a Casson fluid?
A fluid that is non-newtonian and requires an initial shear stress to start flowing (blood).
Why does plasma have a higher viscosity than water?
Globular proteins
Yield stress in blood is due to _________ and __________.
Hematocrit; fibrinogen
T/F: The right heart pumps blood to the body (systemic circulation)
FALSE: Right heart pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
What occurs in a heart murmur?
A valve doesn’t close completely
Briefly describe diastole and systole.
Diastole: period of the cycle where the ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood.
Systole: period where ventricles are contracting and pumping blood out.
T/F: Diastole takes longer than systole.
True
What is ‘normal’ blood pressure?
120/80
The pumping action of the ventricles results in a _________ flow, and BPs within the systemic vaculature.
Pulsatile
The _________ and __________ are the distribution system, the __________ are the diffusion and filtration system, and the _________ and __________ are a collection system.
Arteries, arterioles
Capillaries
Veins, venules
Blood vessels are ________ tubes capable of ________.
Elastic, distension
What is the formula for compliance (of the blood vessel)?
Compliance = delta(V)/delta(P)
T/F: A higher Young’s Modulus = stiffer material
True
The compliance of arteries allows them to ______ ______ and use it to move blood during diastole.
Store energy
What is parasteltic flow?
Sequential contraction of the arterial walls
What is one of the challenges with graphs?
Compliance mismatch (ie. ‘rigidity’ and ‘fit’ of vessels do not align)
The outflow of blood from LV is not in phase with the heartbeat because…?
Blood vessel compliance
What is delta(P)/F?
Mechanical impedance
What does mechanical impedance depend on?
- Resistance
- Compliance
- Inertial properties of vessels + blood
How can arteries convert pulsatile ejections into steady, even flows?
Arterial walls are compliant, and possess recoil
T/F: When oxygenated blood is first pumped from LV, it experiences high friction
FALSE: Minimal pressure losses (ie. friction) occurs due to smooth epothelial cell walls of artieries
Functions of the respiratory system
- Absorbs O2 from air, transports to tissues
- Elim. CO2 from blood
- Protects against inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
Why is CO2 harmful to the body?
Forms carbonic acid, lowers pH
What is the purpose of the pleural cavity?
Small pocket between visceral pleura (lung wall) and parietal pleural (outside wall) that contains fluid that stays tight to muscle wall; allows for expansion/contraction
T/F: The stiffness of the respiratory system decreases as we go further down
True
T/F: The bronchi contain mucosa (ciliated epithelial cells), and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse
True, but all characteristics of trachea as well (and bronchi usually have irregular-size plates of cartilage)
What are the 3 types of cells in the alveoli?
- Type 1 alveolar
- Type 2 alveolar
- Alveolar macrophage
What are the 3 basic steps of respiration?
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External (pulmonary) respiration
- Internal (tissue) respiration
List the 4 major mechanisms that drive pulmonary ventilation:
- Atmospheric pressure
- Intra-alveolar pressure
- Inter-pleural pressure
- Transpulmonary pressure
T/F: The intrapleural pressure is always negative
True
The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory centre in the _________ _________, which responds to changes in ____, ____, and ____ levels in blood.
Medulla oblongata; CO2, O2, pH
What causes flow to be turbulent?
Frictional forces in fluid causing eddies
Re for turb and lam flow?
Turb: Re > 2000
Lam: Re < 2000
T/F: For the most part, blood flow is laminar under resting conditions.
True (turb only during exercise in large vessels)
T/F: air flow velocity is lowest in the upper airways and decreases with each branching
FALSE: velocity is highest in upper airways
What assumption(s) of the HP equation does/do not apply to blood?
- Tube is straight, rigid and cylindrical with constant radius
- Newtonian fluid
T/F: The HP equation is widely used for blood
FALSE: only for broad applications and predictions
What assumptions are applied to the E-balance equation to yield Bernoulli?
- Steady state
- No losses due to friction
- Incompressible (dens is cst)
- Mechanical E at a point is cst with time
- T is cst
- No heat is exchanged
- No heat generation
What is atherosclerosis, and what is it caused by?
- Hardening of arteries
- Caused by excess cholesterol in blood
What is the purpose of fibroblasts?
Create provisional ECM (underneath the scab, fibroblasts distribute collagen)
What is stenosis? What was used to treat stenosis?
- Narrowing of the artery
- Stents are used to keep the artery wall open and ‘squish’ the stenosis
Blood and airway vessels change shape as a result of _________ pressure (they are compliant).
Transmural
What the formula for compliance?
C = dV/dP_tm
What does the Windkessel Model do?
Models arterial blood pressure
T/F: In the Windkessel model, we assume all resistance of flow is experienced by systemic circulation.
True
T/F: The Windkessel model is quantitative, and accurately predicts the actual pressure of the aorta.
FALSE: it is qualitative, and does not predict actual P of aorta
3 layers of blood vessels and their tissue types
Most inward: tunica intima (endothelium, smooth lining)
Middle: tunica media (smooth muscle, fibroelastic connective tissue)
Outward: tunica adventitia (connective tissue, protective, anchoring. Blood supply for vessel)
Windkessel Effect
Describes how arteries can be exposed to pulsatile ejections from the heart (inlet) and converted to steady, even flow at the outlet.
