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CHEE 452 > Module 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Module 1 - Introduction Flashcards

Physiology and function of the cardiovascular and respiratory system

1
Q

Activities in the body such as cell-to-cell communication, nutrition, repair, growth, the distribution of heat to the external environment are accomplished in large part by ______ ______.

A

Fluid transport

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2
Q

Major organs and tissues in the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Blood
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3
Q

The cardiovascular system transports (7):

A
  • Oxygen
  • CO2
  • Chemical signalling molecules
  • Nutrients
  • Waste products
  • Heat
  • Cells and proteins of the immune system
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4
Q

What does a neutrophil do? Where is it involved?

A

Recognizes foreign material and tries to break it down via phagocytosis. Neutrophils activate/increase in [] to fight infection.

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5
Q

Platelets consist of ___% of blood.

A

4.9%

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6
Q

What are the most important proteins in blood?

A

albumin and fibrinogen

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7
Q

T/F: Hematocrit are white blood cells

A

F: they are red blood cells

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8
Q

Plasma is ___% water.

A

91.5%

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9
Q

What are the “normal” blood volumes in the body?

A

adult females: 4.5-5.5L
adult males: 5-6L

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10
Q

What is the formal name of the force pushing fluid though vessels?

A

Shear stress

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11
Q

Why isn’t blood a newtonian fluid?

A

Blood behaves like gravy: proteins in blood (fibrinogen) will bind with itself and coagulate.

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12
Q

What are Bingham fluids?

A

Fluids that are still Newtonian, but it takes a bit of stress to make them flow (ie. toothpaste out the tube)

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13
Q

T/F: Solubility = f(mol weight)

A

True

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14
Q

What is a Casson fluid?

A

A fluid that is non-newtonian and requires an initial shear stress to start flowing (blood).

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15
Q

Why does plasma have a higher viscosity than water?

A

Globular proteins

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16
Q

Yield stress in blood is due to _________ and __________.

A

Hematocrit; fibrinogen

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17
Q

T/F: The right heart pumps blood to the body (systemic circulation)

A

FALSE: Right heart pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

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18
Q

What occurs in a heart murmur?

A

A valve doesn’t close completely

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19
Q

Briefly describe diastole and systole.

A

Diastole: period of the cycle where the ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood.

Systole: period where ventricles are contracting and pumping blood out.

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20
Q

T/F: Diastole takes longer than systole.

A

True

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21
Q

What is ‘normal’ blood pressure?

A

120/80

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22
Q

The pumping action of the ventricles results in a _________ flow, and BPs within the systemic vaculature.

A

Pulsatile

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23
Q

The _________ and __________ are the distribution system, the __________ are the diffusion and filtration system, and the _________ and __________ are a collection system.

A

Arteries, arterioles

Capillaries

Veins, venules

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24
Q

Blood vessels are ________ tubes capable of ________.

A

Elastic, distension

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25
Q

What is the formula for compliance (of the blood vessel)?

A

Compliance = delta(V)/delta(P)

26
Q

T/F: A higher Young’s Modulus = stiffer material

A

True

27
Q

The compliance of arteries allows them to ______ ______ and use it to move blood during diastole.

A

Store energy

28
Q

What is parasteltic flow?

A

Sequential contraction of the arterial walls

29
Q

T/F: Arterial pressure increases, and peak flow rates decrease as we move from the aorta twds the peripheral arteries

A

True

30
Q

What is one of the challenges with graphs?

A

Compliance mismatch (ie. ‘rigidity’ and ‘fit’ of vessels do not align)

31
Q

The outflow of blood from LV is not in phase with the heartbeat because…?

A

Blood vessel compliance

32
Q

What is delta(P)/F?

A

Mechanical impedance

33
Q

What does mechanical impedance depend on?

A
  • Resistance
  • Compliance
  • Inertial properties of vessels + blood
34
Q

How can arteries convert pulsatile ejections into steady, even flows?

A

Arterial walls are compliant, and possess recoil

35
Q

T/F: When oxygenated blood is first pumped from LV, it experiences high friction

A

FALSE: Minimal pressure losses (ie. friction) occurs due to smooth epothelial cell walls of artieries

36
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Absorbs O2 from air, transports to tissues
  • Elim. CO2 from blood
  • Protects against inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
37
Q

Why is CO2 harmful to the body?

A

Forms carbonic acid, lowers pH

38
Q

What is the purpose of the pleural cavity?

A

Small pocket between visceral pleura (lung wall) and parietal pleural (outside wall) that contains fluid that stays tight to muscle wall; allows for expansion/contraction

39
Q

T/F: The stiffness of the respiratory system decreases as we go further down

A

True

40
Q

T/F: The bronchi contain mucosa (ciliated epithelial cells), and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse

A

True, but all characteristics of trachea as well (and bronchi usually have irregular-size plates of cartilage)

41
Q

What are the 3 types of sells in the alveoli?

A
  • Type 1 alveolar
  • Type 2 alveolar
  • Alveolar macrophage
42
Q

What are the 3 basic steps of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External (pulmonary) respiration
  3. Internal (tissue) respiration
43
Q

List the 4 major mechanisms that drive pulmonary ventilation:

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure
  2. Intra-alveolar pressure
  3. Inter-pleural pressure
  4. Transpulmonary pressure
44
Q

T/F: The intrapleural pressure is always negative

A

True

45
Q

The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory centre in the _________ _________, which responds to changes in ____, ____, and ____ levels in blood.

A

Medulla oblongata; CO2, O2, pH

46
Q

What causes flow to be turbulent?

A

Frictional forces in fluid causing eddies

47
Q

Re for turb and lam flow?

A

Turb: Re > 2000
Lam: Re < 2000

48
Q

T/F: For the most part, blood flow is laminar under resting conditions.

A

True (turb only during exercise in large vessels)

49
Q

T/F: air flow velocity is lowest in the upper airways and decreases with each branching

A

FALSE: velocity is highest in upper airways

50
Q

What assumption(s) of the HP equation does/do not apply to blood?

A
  • Tube is straight, rigid and cylindrical with constant radius
  • Newtonian fluid
51
Q

T/F: The HP equation is widely used for blood

A

FALSE: only for broad applications and predictions

52
Q

What assumptions are applied to the E-balance equation to yield Bernoulli?

A
  • Steady state
  • No lesses due to friction
  • Incompressible (dens is cst)
  • Mechanical E at a point is cst with time
  • T is cst
  • No heat is exchanged
  • No heat generation
53
Q

What is atherosclerosis, and what is it caused by?

A
  • Hardening of arteries
  • Caused by excess cholesterol in blood
54
Q

What is the purpose of fibroblasts?

A

Create provisional ECM (underneath the scab, fibroblasts distribute collagen)

55
Q

What is stenosis? What was used to treat stenosis?

A
  • Narrowing of the artery
  • Stents are used to keep the artery wall open and ‘squish’ the stenosis
56
Q

Blood and airway vessels change shape as a result of _________ pressure (they are compliant).

A

Transmural

57
Q

What the formula for compliance?

A

C = dV/dP_tm

58
Q

What does the Windkessel Model do?

A

Models arterial blood pressure

59
Q

T/F: In the Windkessel model, we assume all resistance of flow is experienced by systemic circulation.

A

True

60
Q

T/F: The Windkessel model is quantitative, and accurately predicts the actual pressure of the aorta.

A

FALSE: it is qualitative, and does not predict actual P of aorta

61
Q
A

CHEE 452 (7 decks)

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