MODULE 1, Introduction

Question 1

Parameters vs. statistics

Answer 1

Parameters
Numerical description of a measurable population charachteristic
Provides info of the entire population
VALUE OF A POPULATION PARAMETER = VALUE FOR THE POPULATION AS A WHOLE
Statistic: numerical description of a sample characteristic (info about a portion/subset of a population)

Question 1

Sample vs. population

Answer 1

Population: what we want to generalize to
Sample: smaller part of the population, selected in a way that it is representative

Question 2

Descriptive stats, advantages/disadvantages

Answer 2

Organization, summarization, and display of data
Present quantitative descriptions in manageable form
ADVANTAGES: Reduces data into a simpler summary, easier to access
DISADVANTAGES: loses complexity for simplicity, cannot make generalizations

Question 3

Inferential Statistics

Answer 3

Drawing conclusions about a population based on data collected froma sample
Make generalizations about things we cannot directly measure

Question 4

Continous vs. discrete data

Answer 4

Continous Data: take on ANY value within a specific range; can be measured; TELLS US HOW MUCH
Discrete Data: can only take on certain values, gaps between the values, can be counted, TELLS US HOW MANY

Question 5

NOIR MEASUREMENT

Answer 5

QUALITIATIVE/CATEGORICAL NOMINAL: has distincitveness (RED HAIR OR BROWN HAIR)
QUALITATIVE/CATEGORICAL ORDINAL: distinctiveness and order of magnitude (RUNNERS IN A RACE, LIKERT SCALES)
QUANTITATIVE INTERVAL: distinctinveness, order of magnitude, and equal intervals (INTERVAL NUMERIC SCALES, KNOW THE INTERVALS)
QUANTITATIVE RATIO: distinctiveness, order of magnitude, equal intervals, absolute zero (TEMP IN KELVIN, HAS ABSENCE OF HEAT)

Question 6

Observational Study

Answer 6

Collect data based on observation and infer based on data collected
Researchers do NOT interfere with the subjects or variables in any way
Treatment that each subject receives may be a pre-existing condition the researcher cannot control

Question 7

Simulation Research

Answer 7

Modeling random events in such a way that it sumaltes real world outcomes

Question 8

CHIEF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND NON-EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

Answer 8

way in which independent variable is identified and managed

Question 9

Validity vs. reliability

Answer 9

Validity: how accurate the study is
Reliability: consistency over time and trials

Question 10

Why are interval and ratio data continuous?

Answer 10

CONTINOUS/QUANTITATIVE Interval: distinctiveness, order of magnitude, and equal intervals
CONTINIOUS/QUANTITATIVE Ratio: distinctiveness, order of magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zero

Question 11

Difference between a variable and a constant

Answer 11

Constant is not manipulated