Module 1 - Introduction Flashcards
General branch in psychology that includes both psychopathology and clinical psychology. Studies ways of helping people who are affected by psychological disorders.
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
The branch of psychology that deals with the systematic investigation of abnormal behavior
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
The branch of psychology that focuses on psychological knowledge and practice used in helping a person with abnormal behavior to find better coping and adjustment.
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
A branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of mental illnesses.
PSYCHIATRY
Who suggested that PYSCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS have both
biological and psychological causes? (400 BC)
HIPPOCRATES
Who suggested that normal and abnormal behaviors are related to four bodily fluids or humors? (200 BC)
GALEN
- A doer and a leader
- Have a lot of ambition, energy, and drive, and try to instill it in others, butcan dominate people of other temperaments.
- They are easily angered or bad tempered.
CHOLERIC (yellow bile)
- Generally optimistic, cheerful, even-tempered, confident, rational,
popular, and fun-loving. - Tend to daydream and not accomplish anything
- May also be impulsive, acting on whims in an unpredictable fashion.
SANGUINE (blood)
- Kind and considerate
- Highly creative but can become overly obsessed by tragedy and cruelty in the world, thus becoming depressed.
- Often a perfectionist, being very particular about what they want and how they want it.
MELANCHOLIC (black bile):
- Calm and unemotional, generally self-content and kind
- Their shy personality inhibits their enthusiasm in others, making themselves lazy and resistant to change.
- Consistent, relaxed, and observant, are more reliable and compassionate.
PHLEGMATIC (phlegm)
When did superstition run rampant, and mental disorders are blamed on demons and witches; exorcisms are performed to rid victims of evil spirits?
1300s
When was the enlightened view that insanity is caused by mental or emotional stress, gains momentum, and depression and anxiety are again regarded by some as disorders?
1400s
During the 1400-1800’s, this was used to rid the body of unhealthy fluids and restore chemical balance.
Bloodletting and leeches
During the 1500’s, _______ suggested that the moon and the stars, not possession by the devil, affect people’s psychological functioning. (Hence the term, “Lunatic”)
PARACELSUS
In 1793, __________ introduced moral therapy and makes French mental institutions more humane
PHILIPPE PINEL
During 1825-1875, ______ was differentiated from other types of psychosis in that it is caused by a specific bacterium; penicillin was found to cure it.
SYPHILIS
In 1848, ______ successfully campaigns for more humane treatment in the US mental institutions.
DOROTHEA DIX
In 1854, ______, head of New York’s Utica Hospital, believes that insanity is the result of PHYSICAL CAUSES, thus de-emphasizing psychological treatments.
JOHN P. GREY
In 1870, ______ develops his germ theory of disease, which helps identify the bacterium that causes syphilis
LOUIS PASTEUR
In 1895, _______ treats the “hysterical” Anna O., leading to Freud’s development of Psychoanalytic Theory.
JOSEF BREUER
In 1900, _______ publishes “The Interpretation of Dreams”
SIGMUND FREUD
In 1904, _______ receives the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion, which leads him to identify conditioned reflexes in dogs.
IVAN PAVLOV
In 1913, ______ classifies various psychological disorders from a biological point of view and publishes work on diagnosis.
EMIL KRAEPLIN
In 1920, ______ experiments with conditioned fear in Little Albert, using a white rat.
JOHN B. WATSON
What type of treatments began being used to treat psychopathology in 1930?
INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY, ELECTRIC SHOCK TREATMENTS, AND BRAIN SURGERY
In 1938, ______ publishes “The Behavior of Organisms” which describes the principles of operant conditioning.
B.F. SKINNER
What test was published in 1943?
MINESOTTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI)
Who published “Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense” in 1946?
ANNA FREUD
What two significant events happened in 1950?
- The FIRST EFFECTIVE DRUGS for severe psychotic disorders are developed.
- HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY (based on ideas of Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Carl Rogers) gains some acceptance
When was The FIRST EDITION of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-I) published?
1952
What did Joseph Wolpe use to effectively treat patients with PHOBIAS? (Based on principles of behavioral science)
SYSTEMATIC
DESENSITIZATION
When were sophisticated research methods developed? Where no one influence – biological or environmental – is found to cause psychological disorders in isolation from the other.
1990s
- has a common pattern of behavior found among the general majority, satisfactory work capacity, conforming and able to adjust to the social environment.
- able to have relationships with others, appropriate emotional reactions to different situations. Emotional experiences do not affect the individual’s personality adjustment
though they experience occasional frustrations and conflicts. Represent the optimal development and functioning of individual consistent with the long-term well-being and progress of the group
NORMALITY (NORMAL BEHAVIOR)
The simple exaggeration or perverted development of the normal psychological behavior. Unusual or maladapted behavior of many persons which do not fit into the common forms of behavior. Maladjustment to one’s society and culture which surrounds him and is a deviation from the normal in an unfavorable and pathological way.
ABNORMALITY (ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR)
What are the 5 D’s under Criteria for Abnormality?
Deviance, Dangerousness, Dysfunction, Distress, and Delusions
Nonconformity. Unusual behavior that is not culturally expected. Reflects a lack of conscience or empathy towards other people. Violates social norms.
DEVIANCE
Behavior is harmful to both the self and others. Consider SOCIAL CONTEXT
• Example: In wartime, people who sacrifice their lives or charge the enemy
with little apparent concern for their own safety may be characterized as courageous, heroic, and patriotic, but people who threaten or attempt suicide because of the pressures of civilian life are usually considered abnormal.
DANGEROUSNESS
- A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
- Failure in life tasks or inability to cope with society
- Behavior that leads to unhappiness rather than self-fulfillment and limits one’s ability to function in expected roles or to adapt to one’s environments.
PYSCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION
- Caused by troublesome emotions, such as anxiety, fear, or depression that impairs the individual’s abilities.
- Real threats and losses do occur in life, and the lack of an emotional response to them would be regarded as abnormal.
- feelings persist long after the source of anguish has been removed (after most people would have adjusted) or if they are so intense that they impair an individual’s ability to function.
SIGNIFICANT PERSONAL DISTRESS
Seeing things and hearing voices that are not present are considered HALLUCINATION and holding unfounded ideas
DELUSIONS OR FAULTY PERCEPTIONS/INTERPRETATIONS OF REALITY
A state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
Multiple social, psychological, and biological factors determine the level of mental health of a person at any point of time.
MENTAL HEALTH (WHO, 2020)
associated with rapid social change, stressful work conditions, gender discrimination, social exclusion, unhealthy lifestyle, physical ill-healthy and human rights violations.
Poor mental health
A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
Described as the behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.
MENTAL DISORDER (DSM, 2013)
__ IN __ FILIPINO ADULTS has MENTAL DISORDERS
1 in 5
What is the 3rd LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH among 15-24 year olds WORLDWIDE
Suicide
HALF of all PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS show FIRST SIGNS before a person turns how old?
14 years
People with SEVERE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER are OVER 10 times more likely to be _____ OF VIOLENT CRIMES.
VICTIMS
Hiring individuals with some psychological disorders result to
- Good Attendance
- Punctuality
- Motivation
- Good work & tenure
Factors that contribute to PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
- Biological: Genes, Physical Illness, Injury, or Brain Chemistry
- Life Experiences: Trauma or a History of Abuse
- Family History of mental health problems
(True/False) People with psychological disorders get better and MAY RECOVER COMPLETELY
True
RECOVERY
able to live, work, learn and participate fully in the community.
(True/False) THERAPY & SELF-HELP ARE A WASTE OF TIME
False. Treatment varies depending on the individual and could include MEDICATION, THERAPY or BOTH. SUPPORT SYSTEM is important during the healing and recovery process.
Friends and loved ones can make a big difference, only __% of adults with diagnosable mental health problems and less than __% of children and adolescents receive needed treatment.
44% of adults and 20% of children
Friends and families can be important influences to help someone get the treatment and services they need by:
- Reaching out and letting them know you are available to help
- Helping them access mental health services
- Learning and sharing the facts about mental health, especially if you hear something that is not true.
- Treating them with respect, just as you would anyone else
- Refusing to define them by their diagnosis or using labels such as “crazy”
True/False: IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PREVENT MENTAL ILLNESSES
Prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders focuses on addressing known risk factors such as exposure to trauma that can affect the chances that children, youth, and young adults will develop mental health problems.
Promoting the social-emotional well-being of children and youth leads to:
- Higher overall productivity
- Better educational outcomes
- Lower crime rates
- Stronger economies
- Lower health care costs
- Improved quality of life
- Increased lifespan
- Improved family life
TRADITIONAL MODELS EXPLAINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Spiritistic and Medical
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR was explained as a product of remote or supernatural forces (movement of stars, vengeance of God, operation of spirits that take possession of the person.)
Treatment was EXORCISM
17th Century: INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF MENTALLY DISTURBED in ASYLUMS
SPIRITISTIC MODEL
FATHER OF MODERN PSYCHIATRY; Instrumental in the development of a MORE HUMANE psychological approach to the care of psychiatric patients
PHILIPPE PINEL
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR was explained as the BIOGENIC or the result of some malfunctioning within the body
THERAPY: Biomedical Therapy
(Psychopharmacology, Electro-convulsive therapy, Psychosurgery)
MEDICAL MODEL
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
- BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
Abnormal behavior is caused by BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, especially the functioning of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is comprised of 4 main components
- Neurons
- Neurotransmitters
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous system
nerve cells that transmit signals or “messages” throughout the
body
NEURONS
- Induce chemical changes in receiving neurons.
- Irregularities in the Neurotransmitter system play an important role in the
development of abnormal behavior patterns. - Targeted by psychiatric drugs in the treatment of some disorders such as
anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Control of muscular contractions and formation of memories.
There are REDUCED LEVELS for patients with ALZHEIMER’S DSE.
ACETYLCHOLINE
