Module 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What are the six levels of organization within the human body?

Answer 1

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organism

Question 2

What system protects our internal environment from our external environment?

Answer 2

Integumentary System

Question 3

What system provides the function of movement?

Answer 3

Muscular System

Question 4

What system provides the function of responsiveness?

Answer 4

Nervous System

Question 5

What system provides the function of digestion?

Answer 5

Digestive System

Question 6

What is anabolism?

Answer 6

The process of making more complex cellular structures from simpler ones; joining of simpler units into complex structures.

Question 7

What is catabolism?

Answer 7

The process of breaking down complex cellular structures into simpler ones; breakdown of larger units into simpler structures.

Question 8

Which SYSTEMS involves excretion?

Answer 8

Digestive, respiratory, and urinary

Question 9

What system controls the reproductive system?

Answer 9

Endocrine system

Question 10

Which tissue covers the body surfaces and lines the cavities of the body?

Answer 10

Epithelium

Question 11

What are the (3) steps in cellular respiration?

Answer 11

1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle
3. Electron Transport System

Question 12

What is the purpose of ATP?

Answer 12

ATP, adenosine triphosphate is a very energy rich molecule tat powers the cellular activities allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.

Question 13

What is the function of epithelia cells?

Answer 13

Epithelia cells make up epithelia tissue; responsible for secretion and absorption.

Question 14

What are the (4) basic tissue types?

Answer 14

1. Epithelium
2. Muscle
3. Connective
4. Nervous

Question 15

What are the MAJOR body systems?

Answer 15

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Digestive
6. Endocrine
7. Cardiovascular
8. Lymphatic
9. Respiratory
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive

Question 16

https://portagelearning.instructure.com/courses/2220/files/727229/preview

Answer 16

Elbow extension

Question 17

https://portagelearning.instructure.com/courses/2220/files/727035/preview

Answer 17

Radial deviation

Question 18

What is the DOUBLE LAYERED MEMBRANE called that lines the outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities?

Answer 18

Serosa

Question 19

What is pleurisy?

Answer 19

Inflammation of the pleurae.

Question 20

What are joints LINED with?

Answer 20

Synovial fluid

Question 21

Why does active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small?

Answer 21

Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases.

The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume its surface area is larger than a bigger cell.

With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.

Metabolic processes such as transportation of wastes across the membrane and diffusion can all occur at a faster rate.

Question 22

What are the (3) differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 22

1. Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch); therefore, they are just visible with the light microscope.
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cells is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”).
3. Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells.

Question 23

What are microtubules?

Answer 23

Hollow and anchored to the MTOC

Question 24

What are microfilaments?

Answer 24

Solid and creates movement.

Question 25

What is aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production?

Answer 25

Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP; also known as the process of aerobic respiration.

During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are produced.

Question 26

What occurs in Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer 26

One of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death.

Question 27

What is the function of cholesterol?

Answer 27

Also known as a steroid lipid functions as the following:

1. Spaces between the hydrophobic tails to reduce solidification during low temperatures;
2. Stabilizes the hydrophilic heads during elevated temperatures by restricting motion and preventing movement.

Question 28

What is isotonic?

Answer 28

Having equal amounts of solute on either side of a membrane.

Ex. If a blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution, some water molecules will randomly move from within the cell outward and some will move from outward the cell inward. Therefore, there will be no net movement of water, and the cell will neither shrink nor swell.

Question 29

What is hypertonic?

Answer 29

When there are more solute particles than the cell resulting in a lower water concentration.

Ex. If a blood cell is placed in an hypertonic solution, the cell water will lose water and shrink in size.

Question 30

What is hypotonic?

Answer 30

When the solute particles outside of a cell are less concentrated than inside.

Ex. If a blood cell is placed in an hypotonic solution, the water concentration outside of the cell is greater and will naturally cause the water to move inward causing the cell to swell and even burst.

Question 31

What is endocytosis?

Answer 31

When an outside Biomacromolecules is encased in the surface of the cell membrane and forms a vesicle inside the cell.

Question 32

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 32

An endocytosis of extremely large objects, such as other cells. Once the cell is enclosed in a vesicle, it fuses with lysosomes inside the cell and is digested.

Ex. White blood cells use phagocytosis to destroy harmful bacteria.

Question 33

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 33

An endocytosis of tiny droplets of fluids. Occurs when the cell membrane “pinches” inward without needing to extend pseudopods to ingest material.

Question 34

What is active transport?

Answer 34

Occurs when molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower concentration to one of greater concentration (against the concentration gradient). Requires carrier proteins and additional energy as molecules do not want to naturally move in this direction.

Question 35

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Answer 35

Receptor proteins in a cell membrane bind with a signaling molecule sent from another cell, often in the form of a hormone. The receptor protein is responsible fro transferring the signal across the membrane. When the signaling molecule binds to the receptor protein, it changes the shape of the protein. Results in specific enzymes being activated.

Question 36

What is diffusion?

Answer 36

Small molecules move from an area of higher concentration on one side of the membrane to an area of lower concentration on the other side; continues until the molecules are equally distributed (their concentrations are equal).

Question 37

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 37

The diffusion of lipid-insoluble molecules across a membrane; an integral carrier protein specific for a certain molecule temporarily binds to the molecule and then releases it to Theo there side. Upon binding with the polar molecule, the protein changes shape, opening a channel for movement across the membrane.