Module 1 Inflammation

Question 1

1. -4. What are the goals of inflammation?
2. • 7. What are the steps in acute inflammation:
3. Name the 3 plasma systems:

Answer 1

1. Limit/control the inflammatory process
2. prevent/limit infection
3. initiate adaptive immune response
4. initiate healing
5. injury, degranulation and cytokine release
6. activation of the 3 plasma systems (complement, clotting, and kinin)
7. Trigger the following: vasodilation, capillary permeability (edema), thrombosis (clot), and pain
8. complement, clotting, kinin

Question 2

1. What are the 4 characteristics of acute inflammation?
2. what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
3. • 6. Name the exudative fluids and describe:
4. What causes fever?
5. What is leukocytosis?

Answer 2

1. self limiting and is < 14 days. Manifests locally as a result of vascular changes and leakage into tissue of exudate, fever, and leukocytosis
2. redness, swelling, heat, pain, and possible loss of function
3. Serous: watery. Sign of early inflammation
4. Fibrinous: thick, clotted. Sign of more advanced inflammation
5. Purulent (aka suppurative): pus. Sign of bacterial infection
6. Hemorrhagic: bloody. Indicates bleeding
7. Exogenous (usually from pathogens) and endogenous (orginate from self) pyrogens acting upon hypothalmus
8. Leukocytosis: increased number of circulating leukocytes. type of leukocyte and indicate what is going on
   ex: neutrophils = bacteria, T and B cells = virus or cancer

Question 3

1. • 3. Name the cellular components of inflammation and the role of each:
2. • 6. What are the different types of leukocytes, and what do they do?
3. Describe Mast cells:

Answer 3

1. erythrocytes - bring O2 to site
2. platelets - clotting
3. leukocytes - release chemical messengers initiating various responses.
4. Granulocytes - (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) release cytoplasmic granules
5. Monocytes - precurson to macrophages - phagocytosis
6. Lymphocytes (NK cells, B and T cells) - components of adaptive immunity
7. Mast cells: most important mediator in inflammation. Stationary in tissue and degranulate upon damage to tissue

Question 4

1. What are cytokines?
2. what are chemokines?
3. Name the cytokines of vasodilation:
4. name the cytokines of pain:
5. What are interleukins, specifically IL-1 and IL-10
6. What cells release histamine? Describe the effects of histamine:
7. Name a medication that can block prostaglandins
8. Name the histamines of vascular permeability:

Answer 4

1. broad term for chemical signalling proteins released by cells.
2. a type of cytokine that attract leukocytes to site of injury via chemotaxis
3. prostaglandins, histamine, nitric oxide
4. prostaglandins, bradykinin
5. Cytokines released by leukocytes. IL-1: pro-inflammatory cytokine, endogenous pyrogen.

IL-10: antiinflammatory cytokine. Down regulates inflammatory response

6. Histamine: released by basophils and mast cells. Powerful inflammatory mediator. Vasodilation, heat, redness, increased hydorstatic pressure and edema.
7. NSAIDs
8. histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes

Question 5

1. What is margination?

Answer 5

1. neutrophils adhering to the walls of capillary endothelial cells, leading to diapedesis towards injury site

Question 6

1. What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation:

2. Name 4 causes of chronic inflammation:

Answer 6

1. > 2 weeks, pus/suppuration, incomplete wound healing, dense infiltration of lyphocytes and macrophages, formation of granuloma, epitheliod cell, and giant cell.
2. microorganism, survive phagocytosis (TB), toxins, chemicals or irritants

Question 7

1. What is regeneration?
2. What is resolution?
3. What is repair?
4. What is scar tissue made of and does it regain the same strength and function?
5. what 3 things comprise healing of a wound?
6. What is primary intention?
7. What is secondary intention?

Answer 7

1. restoration of cells/tissue after tissue damage
2. Returning injured tissue to the original structure/function
3. Replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue
4. collagen, strength yes, function no.
5. filling wound, epithelialization (sealing), contraction
6. Wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss
7. Wounds that require a great deal more tissue replacement. Open wound

Question 8

1. Name the 4 phases of wound healing:
2. What happens in hemostasis phase?
3. What happens in inflammation phase?
4. What happens in proliferative phase?
5. What happens in remodeling/maturation phase?

Answer 8

1. Hemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferative, Remodeling/Maturation
2. bleeding, clot, degranulation
3. Coagulation, Infiltration of wound-healing cells, Angiogenesis
4. wound sealed w/ normal or scar tissue, macrophages clear debris, granulation, epithelialization, wound contraction
5. Continuation of cellular
   differentiation, Scar tissue formation, Scar remodeling

Question 9

1. • 4. Name the 4 things that can cause dysfunctional wound healing:
2. name the predisposing disorders to dysfunctional wound healing:

Answer 9

1. ischemia (decreas blood flow)
2. Excessive bleeding
3. Excessive fibrin deposition (causes adhesions)
4. predisposing disorders
5. dibetes, obesity, infection, inadequate nutrients, drugs, tobacco

Question 10

1. • 3. What are 3 types of dysfunction occurring during the reconstructive phase of wound healing?

Answer 10

1. dysfunctional collagen synthesis (keloid, and hypertrophic scar).
2. Wound disruption (dehiscence) wound pulls apart at suture line.
3. Impaired Contraction (contracture)