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BSNC 5000 > Module 1 - Growth and development > Flashcards

Module 1 - Growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental periods (5)

A

Prenatal
Infant 0-1
Early childhood 1-5
Middle childhood 5-12
Adolescence 12-18

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2
Q

Neonate

A

0-30 days

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3
Q

Neuro/HEENT differences

A

two fontanels - anterior, posterior –> greater compensation for ICP, risk of brain injury
blood brain barrier not fully developed –> increased r/o infection
large tongue - r/o obstruction
narrow, funnel shaped airway w/ narrow cricoid cartilage –> greater r/o airway obstruction, difficult intubation
large head w/ weak neck muscles –> fall injury, neck muscle injury
large occipital bone –> greater r/o upper cervical injury. different place required for CPR (thoracic thrust)
blurry vision but hearing well-developed
neck muscles/excess lymphoid tissue –> block airway
higher pain threshold than adults

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4
Q

Respiratory differences

A

obligate nose breathers until 6 months
smaller airways/lower tidal volume –> less ability to compensate. greater r/o aspiration/obstruction
higher O2 requirements d/t higher BMR
diaphragm = major breathing muscle –> abdominal breathers
shorter trachea –> greater r/o displacement
horizontal rib placement –> lower tidal volume as rib cage moves up/down rather than up/out
carilaginous airway –> more likely to collapse (hyaline cartilage = greater water content)
thin chest wall –> difficulty auscultating. greater r/o internal injury

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5
Q

Cardiovascular differences

A

greater circulating blood volume (90 mL/kg)–> higher sensitivity to small fluid losses
lack of contractile tissue –> inability to increase stroke volume. increase CO by increasing HR
greater % body weight is water (80%)
bradycardia when hypoxic
hypotension - LATE sign of decompensation
smaller vasculature –> more difficult vein access. may use bones
superficial blood vessels –> peripheral shunting = mottled appearance

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6
Q

How much blood loss will an infant begin to decompensate?

A

Remain normotensive until large intravascular volume lost ~25%

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7
Q

GI differences

A

smaller stomachs, greater gastric emptying –> more stools, dehydrate faster
small intestine longer than adults –> less able to absorb amino acids & hold onto fluids
liver/spleen larger than adults –> greater r/o injury
small glycogen storage = r/o hypoglycemia –> increased r/o brain injury
upper/lower esophageal sphincters not fully developed –> r/o reflux, vomit
tight junctions b/w cells in brush border not fully developed –> increased r/o infection
thin, weak abdominal wall –> greater r/o internal injury

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8
Q

Which DOH is most important for children?

A

nutrition

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9
Q

GU differences

A

immature kidneys + less responsive to hormones ADH/aldosterone –> greater diuresis

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10
Q

Can vital signs of infants be irregular?

A

Yes this is normal. However, apnea >15 seconds is abnormal. Unexplained tachycardia should always be investigated (early sign of cardiac issues)

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11
Q

What is a late sign of cardiac decompensation?

A

hypotension

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12
Q

What is an early sign of cardiac compensation?

A

tachycardia

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13
Q

MSK differences

A

open fontanels
growth plate not yet fused –> fractures more difficult to detect d/t pliable bone
high surface area : low mass ratio
long bones very vascular –> can be used for venous access
strong ligaments

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14
Q

SCIWRA

A

spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality

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15
Q

PAT

A

Pediatric assessment triangle
appearance
work of breathing
circulation

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16
Q

ABCDE

A

airway
breathing
circulation
disability
environment

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17
Q

Piaget Cognitive stages

A

Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7-11)
Formal operational (12+)

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18
Q

Erickson 1-5 psychosocial stages

A

“the main action sally initiative got inferno into immense regret”
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame
initiative vs. guilt
industry & inferiority
identity & role confusion

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19
Q

Trust vs. mistrust

A

0-1
trust b/w caregiver & child

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20
Q

Autonomy vs. shame

A

1-3
control over bodily function & activity

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21
Q

Guilt vs. initiative

A

3-6
testing limits of self-assertion & purposefulness
balance of self-initiative & rights of others –> developing understanding of boundaries

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22
Q

Inferiority vs. industry

A

6-12
sense of mastery & competence
self-esteem through accomplishment

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23
Q

Sensorimotor

A

0-2
infants think/experience world through physical senses
develop object permanence

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24
Q

Pre-operational

A

2-6
egocentric –> inability to see POV of others
concrete and tangible
use of language & symbols

25
Q

Concrete operational

A

6-12
object conservatism (physical dimensions such as volume, weight, number are same even if appearance changes)
can view others POV

26
Q

Formal operational

A

12+
logic, abstract thought, scientific experimentation

27
Q

Infant sleep requirements

A

14-16 daily

28
Q

Toddler sleep requirements

A

9-10 hrs/night + 2-3 hrs daytime naps

29
Q

School-aged children

A

9-11 hrs/night

30
Q

Teenagers

A

9 hours/night

31
Q

Adults

A

7-9 hours/night

32
Q

Identity vs. role confusion

A

12-18 years
conflict between self-identity, social expectations, need to fit in
develop core values & ideologies

33
Q

Causes of infant death

A

low birth weight
congenital abnormalities
preterm birth

34
Q

Leading cause of childhood morbidity/mortality

A

physical injury (car accidents, unintentional)

35
Q

How long should babies breastfeed for? (recommended)

A

up to 2 years

36
Q

When can food other than formula/BF be introduced?

A

6 months

37
Q

Injury prevention strategies

A

car seat safety
bicycle helmets
smoke/carbon monoxide detectors

38
Q

Prenatal period

A

most important developmental period
rapid growth rate/total dependency
maternal health –> fetal health

39
Q

Infancy period

A

0-12 months
rapid motor, cognitive, social development
most critical period = first motnh of life

40
Q

Early childhood period

A

1-6 years old
upright locomotion
intense activity & discovery
language/social relationships

41
Q

Toddler age

A

1-3 years

42
Q

Preschool age

A

3-6

43
Q

Middle childhood

A

6-10 years
child moves away from family –> social relationships
moral development

44
Q

Later childhood

A

10-18 years
transitional period
redefining self-concept
bodily insecurity

45
Q

Prepubertal age

A

10-13 years

46
Q

Adolescence age

A

13-18 years

47
Q

Sensitive periods

A

critical period of development (physical & psychological)
1-3 months prenatal (important for CNS development)

48
Q

Cephalocaudal trend

A

top-down direction
growth/development occurs in a top-down fashion

49
Q

Neuronal development

A

15-20 weeks gestation = dramatic increase of neurons
30 weeks - 1 year of age = another dramatic increase

50
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

well developed @ birth
lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils

51
Q

Does temperature increase of decrease over development?

A

decrease (BMR also decreases)

52
Q

Neonate hypothermia

A

hypoglycemia
elevated bilirubin
metabolic acidosis

53
Q

Normal differences in temperature

A

0.6-0.7 degrees celsius
children can display abnormally high/low temperatures (transient)

54
Q

Newborn sleep requirements

A

16 hours (in 3-4 hour intervals)

55
Q

Babies 2-6 months sleep requirements

A

14-16 hours
>3 months more regular nap routines
4 months = nap x3/day

56
Q

Babies 6-12 months sleep requirements

A

14 hours + 2 longer naps

57
Q

Toddlers 1-3 years sleep requirements

A

10-13 hours
>2 years = 1 nap a day

58
Q

Preschoolers 3-5 years sleep requirements

A

10-12 hours/day
no more naps

59
Q

School children 5-10 years sleep requirements

A

10-12 hours

BSNC 5000 (11 decks)

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