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Block 5 Neuroanatomy > Module 1 Gross Anatomy of Brain > Flashcards

Module 1 Gross Anatomy of Brain Flashcards

1
Q

At the beginning of development, the brain starts as a ______ and as the sides of this structures continue to
grow, they will eventually meet. It later forms the
_______.

A

neural groove

neural tube

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2
Q

Rostral part of the neural tube becomes _____ part of the brain

A

frontal pole (anterior)

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3
Q

caudal part of the neural tube becomes _____ part of the brain

A

occipital pole (posterior)

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4
Q

dorsal part of the neural tube becomes _____ part of the brain

A

superior

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5
Q

ventral part of the neural tube becomes _____ part of the brain

A

inferior

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6
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of ____ and _____.

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of ______ and ______

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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8
Q

__________nervous system is part cranial, part

peripheral

A

autonomic

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9
Q

• Approx. weight of the brain

A

1.4kg or 1400g

2% of body weight

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10
Q

It act as transducers; change chemical stimuli into nerve impulses.

A

Brain receptors

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11
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebral hemispheres
  2. brainstem
  3. diencephalon
  4. cerebellum
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12
Q

Later in the development, telencephalon becomes the ______

A

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

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13
Q

Part of the brain that connects cerebrum to spinal cord.

A

BRAINSTEM

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14
Q

3 parts of the brainstem in early development

A

Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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15
Q

The shortest division of the

brainstem.

A

Mesencephalon/midbrain

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16
Q

Mesencephalon becomes the ____ in developed brain.

A

midbrain

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17
Q

Metencephalon becomes the ____ in developed brain.

A

pons

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18
Q

Myelencephalon becomes the ____ in developed brain.

A

medulla oblongata

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19
Q

The anatomic and functional interface between the

brainstem and forebrain.

A

DIENCEPHALON

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20
Q

Cerebellum is a derivative of __________ that develops from the
_____ thickening about the rostral borders
of the ______ (rhombic lip).

A

metencephalon
ectodermal
4th ventricle

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21
Q

The region above the tentorium (aka tentorium cerebelli)

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

___________ is an extension of the dura mater that separates the _______ from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

cerebellum

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23
Q

True or False: Pons and cerebellum function as one unit.

A

True

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24
Q

It is the gateway from cerebral cortex to the

cerebellum since fibers pass through it.

A

pons

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25
Q

The lowest part of the brainstem.

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

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26
Q

It is considered as the 5th ventricle (in some books) because
its distal or most caudal portion is enlarged.

A

CENTRAL CANAL

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27
Q

Meninges that is tough, white, dense connective tissue that has many blood vessels and nerves.

A

DURA MATER

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28
Q

3 partitions of the dura matter

A

Falx cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli

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29
Q

A partition or extension of the dura matter that separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres.

A

Falx cerebelli

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30
Q

A partition or extension of the dura matter that extends downward into the longitudinal fissure, and separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

A

Falx cerebri

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31
Q

A partition or extension of the dura matter that separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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32
Q

(meninges)

A thin, web-like membrane that lacks blood vessels.

A

ARACHNOID MATER

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33
Q

(meninges)
It is very thin and has many nerves and blood vessels that nourish underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord. It is also intimately bound to the brain.

A

PIA MATER

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34
Q

3 meninges of the brain

A

dura, pia and arachnoid mater

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35
Q

What are the 2 spaces between the layers of the meninges?

CLUES:

One is a potential space below the dura mater.

The other contains has clear, watery cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

Subdural space

Subarachnoid space

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36
Q

Pus in potential space of the brain is called _____ while pus in a non-potential space or solid tissue is called _______.

A
  1. Empyema (e.g. subdural empyema)

2. Abscess

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37
Q

It is consist of a highly convoluted gray cortex (pallium or mantle), an underlying white matter and a basal ganglia.

A

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

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38
Q

Cerebral hemispheres are partially separated from each other by __________ fissure which in situ contains _______ (an extension of the dura mater).

A
  1. longitudinal fissure

2. falx cerebri

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39
Q

Choose inside the parenthesis:

Hemisphere separation in frontal and occipital regions
is \_\_\_\_ (complete or incomplete).
A

complete

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40
Q

Central region is a fissure in the cerebral hemisphere that extends only up to ______

A

corpus callosum

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41
Q

What are the 6 lobes (4 are true and 2 are not true) of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Temporal
  3. Parietal
  4. Occipital
  5. Insular (not a true lobe)
  6. Limbic (not a true lobe)
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42
Q

A cortical area buried in the depths of the lateral

sulcus.

A

INSULA

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43
Q

a highly heterogenous entity on the medial aspect of the hemisphere; surround the upper part of the brainstem

A

LIMBIC

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44
Q

A highly heterogenous entity on the medial aspect of the hemisphere; surround the upper part of the brainstem

A

LIMBIC

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45
Q

The largest part of the mature brain. It consists of two large masses, or hemispheres.

A

CEREBRUM

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46
Q

5 basic parts of cerebrum

A 
Corpus Callosum
Gyri
Sulci
White matter
Basal ganglia
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47
Q

Part of the cerebrum that connects the cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

48
Q

raised areas of the brain

A

Gyri

49
Q

depressed areas of the brains

A

Sulci

50
Q

Central core deep to the cortex that forms the bulk

of the cerebrum and represents fiber tract

A

White matter

51
Q

________is buried within the mass of white matter. It is a collection of neuron cell bodies.

A

Basal ganglia

52
Q

fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian fissure)

53
Q

Lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian fissure) begins inferiorly at the ______ extends posteriorly and separates the frontal and temporal lobes.

A

Sylvian fossa

54
Q

(sulcus) that surrounds the insula and separates it from the adjacent frontal, parietal,and temporal lobes

A

Circular sulcus (circuminsular fissure)

55
Q

deep median fissure that separates the

hemispheres

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

56
Q

sulcus that arises about the middle of the hemisphere, beginning near the longitudinal cerebral fissure and extending downward and forward to about 2.5cm above the lateral cerebral fissure

A

Central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)

57
Q

sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal

lobe

A

Central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)

58
Q

fissure that passes along the medial surface of the posterior
portion of the cerebral hemisphere and then runs
downward and forward as a deep cleft

A

Parieto-occipital fissure

59
Q

Parieto-occipital fissure separates _____ lobe from the ____ lobe.

A

parietal, occipital

60
Q

begins on the medial surface of the hemisphere near the occipital pole and extends forward to an area slightly below the splenium of the corpus callosum

A

Calcarine fissure

61
Q

fissure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

Transverse fissure

62
Q

Cavities within the cerebrum

A
  1. Right and left lateral ventricles

2. Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)

63
Q

two closely adjoined non-nervous tissue that separates the two lateral ventricles

A

Septum pellucidum

64
Q

foramen that serves as the communication between lateral ventricles and third ventricle

A

Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)

65
Q

Protruding into each lateral ventricle is _____ which functions to manufacture cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

choroid plexus

66
Q

posteriormost gyrus, consists of the primary motor area

A

Precentral gyrus

67
Q

Region anterior to the precentral sulcus subdivided

into ___,____, and ____.

A

superior, middle, and inferior gyri

68
Q

Inferior frontal gyrus is demarcated by extensions of the lateral fissure into 3 subregions namely ____, ____, ____.

A

pars triangularis, pars opercularis, pars orbitalis

69
Q

found in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere, functions in the production of speech

A

Broca’s area

70
Q

two aspects of Broca’s area

A
  1. Motor aspect (ability to speak)

2. Receptive aspect (ability to understand)

71
Q

(seen in inferior aspect of cerebrum)

Partly occupied by the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract

A

Olfactory sulcus

72
Q

inferior aspect of cerebrum is bordered medially by _____

A

gyrus rectus (straight gyrus)

73
Q

inferior aspect of cerebrum is bordered laterally by _____

A

orbital gyri

74
Q

inferior aspect of cerebrum is bordered posteriorly by _____

A

olfactory tract bifurcates to form the lateral and

medial olfactory striae

75
Q

intervening area between the two striae and is triangular in shape, borders the anterior perforated

A

Olfactory trigone

76
Q

lobe that is interposed between the frontal and occipital lobes and
is situated above the temporal lobe

A

PARIETAL LOBE

77
Q

anterior border of parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

78
Q

Posterior border on the medial aspect of parietal lobe is bordered by _____

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

79
Q

anteriormost gyrus, is the primary somesthetic
area to which primary somatosensory
information is channeled from the contralateral
half of the body

A

Postcentral gyrus

80
Q

an association area involved in somatosensory

function

A

Superior parietal lobule

81
Q

integrates auditory, visual, and somatosensory

information

A

Supramarginal gyrus

82
Q

receives visual input

A

Angular gyrus

83
Q

Inferior parietal lobule is separated into the ___ and ___.

A

Supramarginal gyrus

Angular gyrus

84
Q

inferior continuation of the parietooccipital sulcus

A

Calcarine fissure

85
Q

Calcarine fissure is subdivided into 2 major structures namely __ and __.

A

Posterior paracentral lobule (anteriorly positioned, a continuation of the postcentral gyrus) and precuneus (posteriorly situated)

86
Q

Temporal lobes lies ventral to the to the _____ sulcus. It is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the
____ fissure. It is separated from the occipital lobe by _____.

_______ is the anterior most aspect of the
temporal lobe.

A
  1. lateral
  2. lateral
  3. an imaginary plane that passes through the parieto-occipital sulcus
  4. Temporal pole
87
Q

_____ lobe extends from the occipital pole to the parieto occipital sulcus
This lobe rests on the ______.

A

occipital

tentorium cerebella

88
Q

In the lateral aspect of the occipital lobe, ____ and _____ are separated from each other by the horizontally running lateral occipital sulcus

A

Collateral sulcus 1. superior and 2. inferior gyri

89
Q

IN THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF OCCIPITAL LOBE:

The occipital lobe is subdivided by the ____ into:

  1. _______ -which is superiorly located
  2. _______-which is inferiorly positioned
  3. _______-which separates the first two.
A
  1. calcarine sulcus
  2. Cuneate gyrus (cuneus)
  3. Lingual gyrus
  4. Calcarine fissure
90
Q

A cortical tissue on each bank of the calcarine

fissure, which forms the primary visual cortex

A

Striate cortex (calcarine cortex)

91
Q

The INSULA forms the floor of the ____ sulcus. It is submerged within the _____;
The insula is completely circumscribed by the _____.

A
  1. lateral
  2. cerebrum
  3. circular sulcus
92
Q

In the lateral surface of insula, it is subdivided into several short and long
gyri (most prominent is located posteriorly)
Insula is believed to be associated with ____ and _____ functions

A

taste

other visceral

93
Q

functions Is a hemispherical region on the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex that surrounds the corpus callosum and the diencephalon

A

LIMBIC LOBE

94
Q

_____ is composed of myelinated nerve fibers of varied sizes and their supporting neuralgia. These nerve fibers are classified into 3 categories namely:
___, ___, and ____.

A

white matter

commissural (transverse)
projection fibers
association fibers

95
Q

____ type are bundles of axons that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

COMMISSURAL FIBERS (TRANSVERSE FIBERS)

96
Q

connects the neocortex of the right

hemispherewith the left

A

Corpus callosum

97
Q

fibers that are restricted to a single hemisphere and connects the cerebral hemisphere with lower levels namely the corpus striatum, diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord

A

PROJECTION FIBERS

98
Q

______ FIBERS connect regions of a hemisphere to other regions of the
same hemisphere. Also called as ____
Subdivided into major categories:
1. ______
connect adjacent gyri; do not usually reach the subcortical white matter of the cerebral cortex; most are confined to the
corical gray matter
2. ______
connect adjacent gyri; consist of the ff fiber tracts: the uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus and frontooccipital fasciculus

A

association
arcuate fibers

  1. short arcuate fibers
  2. long arcuate fibers
99
Q

Parts of Corpus callosum

A

Rostrum, genu, body and splenium

100
Q

Separates the corpus callosum from the cingulated gyrus

A

Callosal sulcus

101
Q

_____ are large collections of cell bodies that are embedded deep in the white matter of the brain. These large subcortical nuclear masses derived mostly from the_____. It consists of some ____ nuclei and _____
nuclei that, when damaged, produce _____ disorders

A
  1. basal ganglia
  2. telencephalon
  3. deep cerebral
  4. deep cerebral
  5. movement
102
Q

basal ganglia is composed of ____, _____, _____,

and _______

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
the amygdaloid nuclear complex.

103
Q

refers to putamen and globus pallidus

A

Lenticular nucleus

104
Q
  1. _____ is the largest and most lateral component of lenticular nucleus. It lies between the external medullary lamina of the 2. ____ and 2. ____
    It is traversed by numerous fascicles of myelinate fibers directed 3. ____ toward the globus pallidus
    Its rostral part is continuous with the 4. _____.
A
  1. PUTAMEN
  2. globus pallidus and the external capsule
  3. ventromedially
  4. head of the caudate nucleus
105
Q
  1. ______forms the most medial part of the lentiform nucleus. It consists of 2 segments separated by the 2. _____
    This appears pale and homogenous
    Its medial border formed largely by the fibers of the 3. ______.
A
  1. Globus pallidus
  2. internal medullary lamina
  3. posterior limb of the internal capsule
106
Q

_____ an elongated, arched gray mass and is related to the lateral cerebral ventricle.

It consists of head which protrudes into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, and body which lies dorsolateral
to the thalamus near the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle, and tail which follows the curvature of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and enters the temporal lobe.
The tail terminates in the region of the _____.

A
  1. Caudate nucleus

2. amygdaloid nuclear complex

107
Q

_____is a gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe which underlies the uncus.
It lies dorsal to the hippocampal formation and rostral to the tip of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
It gives rise to the fibers of the ______.

A
  1. amygdaloid nuclear complex

2. stria terminalis

108
Q

Amygdaloid complex is more closely related to the ______ than to the basal ganglia

A

limbic system

109
Q

____ is an ependyma-lined cavities of the cerebral hemisphere

A

lateral ventricles

110
Q

5 parts of lateral ventricles

A 
 Anterior (frontal) horn
 Ventricular body
 Collateral (atrium) trigone
 Inferior (temporal) horn
 Posterior (occipital) horn
111
Q

Lie between the fibers of the internal capsule and are flanked dorsolaterally by the body and tail of the caudate nucleus

A

THALAMUS AND EPITHALAMUS

112
Q

what emerges from the dorsal part of the midbrain caudal to the inferior colliculus?

A

Trochlear nerve (N. IV)

113
Q

an unpaired symmetric ventricle that overlies the pons and medulla

A

Rhomboid fossa

114
Q

____ comes from myelencephalon. It extends from the foramen magnum to the caudal border of the pons.

A

MEDULLA

115
Q

CRANIAL NERVES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MEDULLA ARE:

  1. _______- emerge from preolivary fissure
  2. _______- postolivary sulcus
  3. _______-postolivary sulcus
  4. _______-postolivary sulcus
  5. _______
A 
Hypoglossal (N. XII)
Accessory (N. XI)
Vagus (N. X)
Glossopharyngeal (N. IX
 Vestibulocochlear (N. VIII))

Block 5 Neuroanatomy (2 decks)

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