Module 1: Foundations of AI: Core Concepts of AI

Question 1

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Answer 1

Machines performing tasks that normally require human intelligence.

Question 2

What is AI Governance?

Answer 2

An organization’s approach to using laws, policies, frameworks, practices and processes at international, national and organizational levels.

Question 3

What is the “Turing Test”?

Answer 3

Developed by Alan Turing in 1950, it is a test to determine if a machine is intelligent. The measure of intelligence was whether the machine’s responses fooled an interviewer into thinking it was human.

Question 4

What are some common elements of the definition of AI?

Answer 4

• Technology
• Autonomy
• Human Involvement
• Output

Question 5

What is the difference between AI Governance principles and frameworks?

Answer 5

AI Governance Principles = Set of values

AI Governance Framework = Means to operationalize those values.

Question 6

What is the description of AI Governance principles? Provide some examples.

Answer 6

Guidelines that help enable consistency, standardization and responsible use of AI. Around the world, the principles that guide responsible AI governance are similar.

Examples:

• OECD AI Principles
• Fair Information Principles (FIPs)
• UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Question 7

What is the description of AI Governance frameworks? Provide some examples.

Answer 7

They provide guidance for operationalizing values that come from principles. While there are similarities among AI frameworks, they are often context-sensitive and fit for specific purposes.

Examples:

• ISO: International Organization for Standardization: several may apply, such as ISO 42001 (Management Systems) and ISO 31000:2018 (Risk Management — Guidelines)
• NIST AI RMF: National Institute of Standards and Technology AI Risk Management Framework — U.S.
• IEEE 7000-21: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 7000-21 Standard Model Process for Addressing Ethical Concerns during System Design
• HUDERIA: Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law Assurance Framework for AI Systems — Council of Europe

Question 8

What is the definition of Machine Learning?

Answer 8

The process of training machines to display AI behavior.

Question 9

What is the difference between AI and Machine Learning?

Answer 9

Machine learning is a technique for achieving AI. It uses algorithms to review data, learn from it, then make predictions or decisions rather than being explicitly programmed to perform a task. AI refers to machines that perform tasks ordinarily requiring human intelligence.

In simple terms, AI can be thought of as the result (machines exhibiting intelligence), and machine learning as a process by which that result can be achieved (teaching the machine).

Question 10

Why is AI called a socio-technical system?

Answer 10

AI influences society and society also influences AI.

Question 11

What are the 5 AI system dimensions classified by the OECD?

Answer 11

1) People and planet dimension (where Privacy comes into play)
2) Economic context dimension
3) Data and input dimension
4) AI model dimension
5) Tasks and output dimension

Question 12

What are some examples of AI use cases?

Answer 12

• Recognition
• Detection
• Forecasting
• Personalization
• Interaction Support
• Goal-driven optimization
• Recommendation