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Pathophysiology 1 > Module 1: Foundations > Flashcards

Module 1: Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

the study of the functional changes that happen to our cells, tissues and organs as a result of disease, injury, or condition

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2
Q

What are the 4 interrelated topics in pathophysiology?

A

-etiology
-pathogenesis
-clinical manifestations
-treatment

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3
Q

What is the difference between pathology and pathophysiology?

A

pathology is the study of structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease or injury

pathophysiology studies the physiological/functional changes

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4
Q

Define biopsy

A

tissue removal from living individual

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5
Q

Define autopsy

A

tissue removal following death of individual

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6
Q

Define findings

A

the diagnostics; results of the laboratory and imaging tests utilized by the pathologist to determine diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment protocol

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7
Q

Define diagnosis

A

the identification of the specific disease

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8
Q

Define prognosis

A

the expected outcome of the disease

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9
Q

Define therapy/therapeutics

A

the method of treatment of the disease/illness with the goal of at least reducing the patient’s signs and symptoms to a level of (near) normal function

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10
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

the disease-causing organism (causative agent), also called antigen

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11
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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12
Q

What determines pathogenic success?

A

-communicability
-virulence
-extent of tissue damage
-host susceptibility

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13
Q

Which is a better prognosis for the patient; high pathogenicity or low pathogenicity?

A

low

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14
Q

Which is a better prognosis for the patient; highly virulent strain or low virulence?

A

low

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15
Q

Which is a better prognosis for the patient; a highly susceptible host or a patient with low susceptibility?

A

low

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16
Q

Define etiology

A

the cause of the disease and/ or injury (can be genetic, congenital, and acquired)

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17
Q

What is genetic etiology?

A

-genetic abnormality
-inherited traits
-can be random/caused by environment
-clinical manifestations may be present at or shortly after birth or develop years later

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18
Q

What is the function of genes? What is gene expression?

A

-genes are specific regions of DNA; each codes for and regulates synthesis of a specific protein
-gene expression is the term for the process by which the information encoded in a particular gene is used to synthesize the specific protein product of the gene

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19
Q

What is congenital etiology?

A

-the result of a genetic defect, injury/exposure, or micronutrient deficiency that occurred during embryonic or fetal development in utero or during labour and delivery of the child (sometimes called a birth defect since disorder may be present before or after birth)
-include mental deficits, physical anomalies, structural malformations, and some diseases or syndromes

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20
Q

What period of time is embryonic development?

A

beginning of week 3 to end of week 8: the most dangerous period for intrauterine exposure to teratogens

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21
Q

What period of time is fetal development?

A

beginning of week 9 to end of week 36; developmental issues may still occur but usually not as severe as with embryonic exposure

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22
Q

What is the acronym TORCH for? And what does it stand for?

A

it is used to remember the common teratogens

T- toxoplasmosis (cat litter)
O- other (certain viruses, chemicals and bacteria)
R- rubella
C- cytomegalovirus (CMV)
H- herpes simplex 2 (genital)

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23
Q

What is acquired etiology?

A

-most common etiology category
-damage that occurs later in life
-general causes include infectious agents, physical agents, chemical agents, malnutrition, abnormal immune responses, and psychological agents

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24
Q

Define idiopathic

A

the cause of the disease is unknown

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25
Q

Define iatrogenic

A

the cause of the disease and/or injury is related to a medical intervention (surgery, drug side effects, etc.)

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26
Q

Define nosocomial

A

a disease acquired as a result of being in a hospital environment (ex. C. diff.)

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27
Q

What is the difference between predisposing risk factors and precipitating risk factors?

A

predisposing– increase the possibility of developing a disease or injury (NOT the cause)

precipitating– causes the disease or injury to develop

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28
Q

What are the two types of risk factors?

A
  1. modifiable risk factors– lifestyle, environment
  2. non-modifiable risk factors– age, genetics, biological sex
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29
Q

Define disease sequelae

A

unwanted outcomes of a disease or trauma that can lead to further, often chronic health issues– are often multisystemic and may be described as the complications of a particular disease (ex. long COVID)

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30
Q

Define comorbidity

A

2 or more diseases or medical conditions that are present in a patient at the same time (ex. having COVID and a pre-existing heart condition)

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31
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

-the pathologic, physiologic or biochemical pattern of tissue changes leading to development of disease
-consists of the chain of events that leads to the structural and/ or functional changes associated with the disease or injury
-explains how the disease evolves and progresses over time
-each stage of disease pathogenesis may produce characteristic signs and symptoms (clinical manifestations)

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32
Q

What are the two groups of cells/tissues found within an organ?

A

parenchyma and stoma

All organs are made of a combination of parenchymal and stromal tissues

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33
Q

Define parenchyma

A

functional cells of the organ– ex. skeletal muscle cells move bones and hormone secreting endocrine cells make hormones

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34
Q

Define stroma

A

the supportive framework of connective tissue, small blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings

consist of: connective tissue cells and tissue immune cells, the microvasculature, and nerve endings

35
Q

The heart wall is made of 3 layers, which ones are stromal and which are parenchymal

A

epicardium (made of serous membrane) is stromal
myocardium (made of cardiac muscle cells) is parenchymal
endocardium (made of endothelium) is stromal

-based on which layers are functional and which are just for support

36
Q

Define morphology

A

the shape/size of cells
specific to each cell type; required for the cell to function

37
Q

Define morphological change

A

adaptive property of damaged cells as they try to survive the injury

38
Q

What is an example of a morphological change that isn’t pathologic?

A

pregnancy

39
Q

Define lesion

A

the actual site(s) of tissue damage; the “wound”

40
Q

What are the classifications of lesions?

A

1) local/focal lesion– limited to specific, defined body location
ex. palmar surface of the left hand

2) diffuse– affects larger area of a specific body organ or system
ex. the entire liver is affect by fatty liver

3) systemic lesion– widespread damage to more than one organ or organ system
ex. metastatic cancer

Note: brain injuries do NOT follow these rules

41
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

A

signs– measurable! detectable, objective (ex. VS), obtained by HCW
ex. fever, blood glucose, and x-ray

symptoms– patient’s experience, subjective
ex. pain level, malaise, headache

42
Q

Define disease onset

A

the time over which the disease or condition develops– also called “clinical course”

43
Q

What are the classifications of disease onset?

A

acute, chronic, insidious (sneaks up on you), latent/dormant, subclinical/subacute

44
Q

What is the difference between an acute and a chronic disease course?

A

acute disease course– time frame from illness to wellness measured in days to about 2 weeks

chronic disease course– time frame from illness to wellness is measured in weeks or longer, and the terms remission and exacerbation may be used to describe the disease progression

45
Q

Define remission

A

periods where clinical manifestations disappear completely or are significantly decreased

46
Q

Define exacerbations

A

periods where clinical manifestations become more obvious and severe (often called flare ups)

47
Q

What is the difference between disease onset and disease course?

A

onset refers to how long it took to become ill and course refers to how the illness changes over time

48
Q

What are the 4 stages of infectious disease course?

A

1) incubation period– asymptomatic
2) prodromal stage– non-specific manifestations (ex. cranky, sore body)
3) invasion period– specific disease manifestations (ex. sore throat)
4) convalescence– recovery time

49
Q

In what stage is an infected person contagious and able to transmit disease?

A

in incubation period, prodromal stage, and invasion period

50
Q

In what stage of the infectious disease course is the infected individual most contagious?

A

the prodromal stage

51
Q

Define communicable disease

A

infectious and easily transmitted from one individual to others and causes disease in most exposed individuals (ex. chicken pox or the flu)

52
Q

What are the 4 modes of entry?

A

1) transdermal (direct contact)
2) inhalation
3) ingestion
4) injection (including bites/stings from animals)

53
Q

Define syndrome

A

disease or condition that has a defined group of lesions and signs and symptoms with a common etiology (ex. Down syndrome)

54
Q

Define complication

A

disease or condition that occurs in addition to the original tissue damage

– can add to difficulty of treatment or be life-threatening and can change the prognosis of disease

55
Q

Define epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and determinants of health in a specific population and application of this information to control the specific health problems

56
Q

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence

A

prevalence– number of EXISTING cases in a population at a specific time

incidence– number of NEW cases in a population at a specific time

57
Q

Define endemic

A

disease has high, but constant rates of infection within a particular population

58
Q

Define epidemic

A

number of new infections within a population far exceeds expected occurrence

59
Q

Define pandemic

A

epidemic that is spread over large area of population

60
Q

Define gene expression

A

mechanisms that turn genes on and off

61
Q

True or false: congenital diseases are familial diseases

A

false

62
Q

True or false: the more virulent the pathogen, the easier it is to treat the patient

A

false

63
Q

True or false: sleep deprivation is a sign of stress

A

false

64
Q

True or false: vaccines can prevent acquired infections

A

true

65
Q

True or false: mucous membranes are common infection portals of entry

A

true

66
Q

True or false: communicable diseases are often airborne

A

true

67
Q

True or false: high morbidity rates mean many people have died

A

false

68
Q

True or false: convalescence is the last stage of a clinical infection disease course

A

true

69
Q

True or false: morphological change indicates cancer

A

false (not always a bad thing, ex. pregnancy)

70
Q

True or false: disease indicates the individual is unable to perform activities of daily living

A

Both true and false– not always

71
Q

What are the basic components of the lymphatic system?

A

primary lymphatic tissue– red bone marrow and thymus

secondary lymphatic tissue– spleen, regional lymph nodes, diffuse lymphatic tissue, tonsils, and appendix

72
Q

What is included in the primary lymphatic tissue?

A

1) red bone marrow (also called myeloid tissue)
-site of production of all blood cells
-site of maturation of B lymphocytes

2) thymus
-site of maturation of T lymphocytes

73
Q

What is included in the secondary lymphatic tissue?

A

spleen, regional lymph nodes, diffuse lymphatic tissues, tonsils, and appendix

function– where innate and adaptive immune cells reside and fight pathogens

74
Q

What is lymph?

A

-an indirect blood product
-clear, watery fluid
-created from tissue fluid (fluid between cells)

75
Q

What is the pathway of lymph production to drainage?

A

blood plasma
tissue fluid
lymph
lymph vessels
systemic venous blood

76
Q

What are the functions of lymph?

A

1) help maintain fluid balance
2) immune functions (contain WBCs)
3) transport of lipids from digestive tract

77
Q

Within the lymph nodes is it innate or adaptive responses?

A

both

78
Q

Why are lymph nodes encapsulated?

A

lymph nodes are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule so that filtration is slow which allows time for WBCs to destroy pathogens, and if the node swells too much is triggers pain receptors

79
Q

Describe the spleen (what it contains and it’s function)

A

located in the left upper quadrant of abd cavity

contains:
red pulp
-location of many blood sinuses
-site of destruction of worn out RBCs
-normally contains about 250mL of blood that it is processing at any given time

white pulp
-lymphatic tissue that contains many phagocytic WBCs
-site of phagocytosis of foreign agents from blood and lymph

the spleen is unencapsulated and is prone to rupture from impact injuries, resulting in severe blood loss

80
Q

Where doe lymphatic veins drain to?

A

systemic veins

81
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain to?

A

L subclavian vein

82
Q

What does it mean for the lymphatic capillaries to be blind ended?

A

one way direction of lymph flow: out of the tissues and towards systemic veins

83
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are quite leaky. A) why is this important in normal tissue fluid balance and B) what two types of pathogens use these leaky lymphatic vessels for transport?

A

A) tissue fluid production is constant; need to remove excess tissue fluid to prevent tissue edema

B) infections and some cancer cells

84
Q

Why do swollen lymph nodes hurt more than a swollen spleen?

A

lymph nodes are surrounded by a thicker capsule that hurts when the lymph node swells during an infection

Pathophysiology 1 (5 decks)

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