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Histopathology Lec&Lab > MODULE 1 - Fixation > Flashcards

MODULE 1 - Fixation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors involved in fixation?

A 
Hydrogen ion concentration
Temperature
Thickness of tissue
Osmolality
Concentration & Duration of fixation
Volume
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2
Q

Usual temperature used in fixation of surgical specimen

A

Room temperature

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3
Q

Hydrogen ion concentration for fixation

A

Between pH of 6 and 8

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4
Q

Temperature when using EM and histochemistry

A

0-4 degrees Celsius

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5
Q

Formalin temperature when fixing tissues with tuberculosis

A

100 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

Formalin temperature when rapid fixation of urgent biopsies

A

60 degrees Celsius

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7
Q

Usual temperature when using tissue processors

A

40 degrees Celsius

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8
Q

Thickness of tissue used in EM

A

1-2 mm2

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9
Q

Thickness of tissue used in LM

A

2 cm2

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10
Q

Tissue slices should not be

A

> 4-5 mm

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11
Q

Thickness of lung specimen

A

2 cm

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12
Q

In large solid tissues like uterus, it must be _______

A

open/sliced thinly

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13
Q

In large solid tissues like brain, it should be _______

A

suspended whole in 10% buffered formalin (2-3 weeks)

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14
Q

This type of solution may be used as holding solutions for tissues
to be transported to frozen sections or kidney biopsies for
special processing

A

Isotonic solution

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15
Q

Type of solution to be used in fixation

A

Slightly hypertonic

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16
Q

Hypertonic solution may cause

A

Cell shrinkage

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17
Q

Hypotonic solution may cause

A

Cell swelling

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18
Q

Slightly hypertonic solution is between

A

400-450 mo5m

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19
Q

Amount of glutaraldehyde found to be effective in immunoEM

A

0.25%

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20
Q

for EM, dyes tissue must be fixed for

A

3 hours

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21
Q

Prolonged fixation causes

A

Shrinkage and hardening of tissues

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22
Q

Ratio of fixative to tissue

A

20:1

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23
Q

Effects of fixative in general

A 
Harden soft and friable tissues
Resistant to damage
Acts as mordant and accentuator
Reduce risk of infection
Inhibit bacterial decomposition
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24
Q

2 types of fixative according to composition

A

Simple and Compound

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25
Q

3 types of fixatives according to action

A

Histochemical- preserves the chemical components like enzymes
Cytological- preserves parts of nucleus
Microanatomical- as a WHOLE/GENERAL

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26
Q

This allows general microscopic study of tissue structures without
altering the structural pattern and normal intercellular relationships

A

MICROANATOMICAL

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27
Q

This preserve chemical components of cell and tissue like phosphates and lipases

A

HISTOCHEMICAL

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28
Q

This preserve specific part of the cell

A

CYTOLOGICAL

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29
Q

Type of cytological fixative that contains glacial acetic acid which preserves part of the nucleus

A

nuclear

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30
Q

Type of cytological fixative that do not contain glacial acetic acid and which preserves part of the cytoplasm

A

cytoplasmic

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31
Q

What is the pH of cytoplasmic fixative?

A

pH >4.6

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32
Q

What is the pH of nuclear fixative?

A

pH <4.6

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33
Q

Enumerate those under Nuclear fixatives

A 
Flemming's with HAc
Carnoy's
Bouin's
Newcomer's 
Heidenhain's susa
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34
Q

Enumerate those under Cytoplasmic fixatives

A 
Flemmings without HAc
Orth's
Regaud's/Moller's
Formalin with Post chroming
Helly's
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35
Q

Enumerate those under Microanatomical fixatives

A 
10% formol saline
10% neutral buffered formalin
Heidenhain's susas
Formol sublimate/formol corrosive
Bouin's
Zenker's
Brasil's
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36
Q

Enumerate those under Histochemical fixatives

A

10% formol saline
Newcomer’s
Absolute ethyl alcohol
Acetone

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37
Q

Which of the following group of fixatives belong to Nuclear Fixatives:
A. 10% formol saline, 10% neutral buffered formalin, Heidenhain’s Susa, Formol sublimate/formol corrosive, Zenker’s, Bouin’s, Brasil’s
B. Flemming’s, Bouin’s, Carnoy’s , New comer’s Heidenhain’s Susa
C. Formol saline, absolute ethyl alcohol, acetone, new comers
D. Flemming’s regauds, Kelly’s fluid, formalin, regald, moller’s, orth’s

A

B

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38
Q

Satisfactory for routine paraffin sections for EM and other histochemical and enzyme studies

A

Aldehyde fixatives

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39
Q

Formaldehyde/Formalin may form what pigment color on blood-containing tissues like spleen?

A

Brown

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40
Q

Alcoholic formalin is also known as

A

Gendre’s solution

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41
Q

Enumerate all diluted forms of formalin

A

10% formol saline
10% neutral buffered formalin
Formol sublimate/corrosive
Alcoholic formalin

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42
Q

Percentage of commercially available formalin/formaldehyde

A

37-40%

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43
Q

What do you call the routine tissue fixative?

A

Formalin/formaldehyde

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44
Q

What is the penetration rate of formalin?

A

1 mm per hour

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45
Q

It is recommended for mailing specimens

A

Formalin/formaldehyde

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46
Q

Recommended for colloid tissue photography

A

formalin/formaldehyde

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47
Q

fumes are irritating, may cause allergic dermatitis on prolonged contact and may form brown
pigment on blood containing tissues like spleen

A

Formaldehyde/Formalin

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48
Q 
What method contains Saturated alcoholic picric acid?
A. Kardasewitsch method
B. Picric acid Method
C. 1% KOH in 80% alcohol
D. Lillie’s Method
A

B

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49
Q 
What method contains 70% ethanol 28% ammonia water?
A. Kardasewitsch method
B. Picric acid Method
C. 1% KOH in 80% alcohol
D. Lillie’s Method
A

A

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50
Q 
What method contains Hydrogen peroxide 28% ammonia water and acetone?
A. Kardasewitsch method
B. Picric acid Method
C. 1% KOH in 80% alcohol
D. Lillie’s Method
A

D

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51
Q

precipitation of white paraformaldehyde is due to and can cause

A

prolonged storage and turbidity

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52
Q

remedy for precipitation of white paraformaldehyde

A

add 10% methanol

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53
Q

Formaldehyde is usually buffered to what pH

A

pH 7 with phosphate buffer

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54
Q

10% formol saline is diluted with

A

distilled water with sodium chloride

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55
Q

10% formol saline is used for

A

general post mortem tissues and for CNS tissue and general post
mortem tissues

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56
Q

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin or Phosphate Buffered formalin is used for

A

surgical post mortem and research specimens

for elastic fibers and for tissue with iron pigment

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57
Q

This is a combination of formaldehyde and mercuric chloride

A

Formol sublimate/corrosive

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58
Q

This is recommended for lipids, neutral fats and phospholipids

A

Formol sublimate/corrosive

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59
Q

This is used for sputum specimens and micro-incineration techniques

A

Alcohol formalin or Gendre’s solution

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60
Q

Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution and Acrolein are for

A

electron cytochemistry

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61
Q

This is recommended for enzyme histochemistry

A

Glutaraldehyde

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62
Q

What percentage of glutaraldehyde solution is used for small fragment of tissues

A

2.5%

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63
Q

What percentage of glutaraldehyde solution is used for larger tissues less than 4mm thick

A

4%

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64
Q

It is a fast-acting fixative and the smallest aldehyde fixative

A

Glyoxal

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65
Q

Glyoxal is supplied at what percentage of aqueous solution?

A

40%

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66
Q

When using glyoxal, surgical specimens are fixed within

A

4-6 hrs

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67
Q

When using glyoxal, small biopsy specimens are fixed within

A

45 mins

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68
Q

Penetrates poorly and produces shrinkage in tissue so it is

combine with other fixative.

A

Mercuric chloride

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69
Q

Mercuric chloride may form what color of deposits?

A

Black mercury deposits

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70
Q

Remedy for black mercury deposits

A

Alcohol iodine

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71
Q

What is the most common metallic fixatives and it preserves, _________

A

cell detail in tissue photography

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72
Q

Mercuric chloride is excellent for

A

Trichrome staining

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73
Q

Enumerate fixatives under mercuric chloride

A

Zenker’s fluid
Zenker’s formol
Heidenhain’s susa
B5

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74
Q

Zenker’s fluid contain

A

mercuric chloride and glacial acetic acid

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75
Q

Zenker’s fluid is used for fixing

A

liver, spleen, CT fibers and nuclei

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76
Q

Zenker’s formol is also known as

A

Helly’s fluid

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77
Q

Helly’s fluid contains

A

potassium dichromate and 40% formaldehyde

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78
Q

Zenker’s formol is used for

A

pituitary gland BM and blood containing organs like spleen and liver

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79
Q

Heidenhain’s Susa is used for

A

tumor-skin biopsies

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80
Q

B5 contains

A

anhydrous sodium acetate

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81
Q

B5 is used for

A

Bone marrow (BM)

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82
Q 
Used for acid mucopolysaccharides and for tissue mucin
A. Mercuric chloride
B. Chromate fixatives
C. Picric acid fixatives
D. Lead fixatives
A

D

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83
Q

This type of fixative is used for CHO

A

Chromic acid

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84
Q

This type of fixative is used for rickettsia and other bacteria

A

Orth’s

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85
Q

Moller’s fluid is used for?

A

Chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, Golgi body, RBC containing colloid tissues

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86
Q

Potassium dichromate preserves

A

lipids and mitochondria

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87
Q

Orth’s fluid is used for

A

early degenerative process and tissue necrosis

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88
Q

Removal of mercuric deposits is also known as what process

A

DEZENKERIZATION

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89
Q

Major drawback of using picric acid fixative

A

Imparts yellow color

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90
Q

Picric acid fixative is excellent for

A

glycogen demonstration

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91
Q

Picric acid fixative acts as:

A

Fixative, stain, and decalcifying agent

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92
Q

Remedy for yellow color left by using Picric acid fixative

A

Lithium carbonate and 70% alcohol

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93
Q

Bouin’s solution is excellent for preserving

A

embryos, pituitary biopsies and endometrial curettings.

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94
Q

Bouin’s solution should never be used for _____ and it also abolishes _____.

A

Kidneys and Fuelgen’s reaction

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95
Q

Hollande’s solution is good for

A

GIT biopsies and endocrine tissues

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96
Q

Brasil’s Alcoholic Picformol is excellent for

A

glycogen

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97
Q

Bouin’s solution is good for what stain?

A

Masson’s trichrome

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98
Q

Glacial acetic acid is what type of fixative?

A

Compound fixative

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99
Q

Glacial acetic acid is used in? At what pH?

A

Nuclear fixative at pH <4.6

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100
Q

Glacial acetic acid is recommended for ____.

A

Nucleoproteins

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101
Q

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID solidifies at what temperature?

A

17 degrees celcius

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102
Q

What is the disadvantage of using alcohol fixatives?

A

glycogen polarization

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103
Q

Alcohol fixatives is both ____ & ____.

A

Fixative & dehydrating agent

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104
Q

___ is used as a raw material in making _______

A

acetone, shabu

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105
Q 
Alcohol fixatives will:
A. Preserve enzymes
B. Denatures rapidly and precipitates proteins
C. Preserve nucleoproteins
D. Stain with Masson's trichome
A

B

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106
Q

The MOST RAPID fixative

A

Carnoy’s fluid

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107
Q 
It is used for CT mucins & umbilical cord.
A. Lead fixatives
B. Newcomer's
C. 10% formalin 
D. Rossmann's
A

D

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108
Q

Ethyl alcohol is used for:

A

blood, tissue films and smears

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109
Q

Methyl alcohol is used for

A

wet and dry smears, blood smears and BM tissues

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110
Q 
Touch preparation is under:
A. Rossmann's
B. Orth's
C. Methyl Alcohol
D. Isopropyl alcohol
A

D

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111
Q

Carnoy’s fluid is used for

A

chromosomes, lymph glands, brain tissue (RABIES)

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112
Q

Newcomer’s is used for

A

nuclear protein and mucopolysaccharides

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113
Q

Classified both as nuclear and histochemical fixative

A

Newcomer’s

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114
Q

Alcohol fixatives is ideal for

A

small tissue fragments

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115
Q 
Rapid in action and may be used in urgent biospecimen
A. Rossmann's
B. Carnoy's
C. Isopropyl alcohol
D. Methyl alcohol
A

B

116
Q

Expensive and not commonly used.

A

Osmium tetroxide

117
Q

OSMIUM TETROXIDE is used for

A

peripheral tissues like myelin and peripheral nerves

118
Q

Required volume for osmium tetroxide

A

5-10 times the volume of tissue

119
Q

Disadvantage of using osmium tetroxide

A

conjunctivitis and blindness

120
Q

2 types of osmium tetroxide

A
  1. Flemming’s w/ HAc

2. Flemming’s w/o HAc

121
Q

WEAK DECALCIFYING AGENT

A

Trichloroacetic acid

122
Q

A compound fixative with double purpose?

A

Trichloroacetic acid- fixative and decalcifying agent

123
Q

Fixatives that can be used for fixing brain tissues in diagnosis for rabies

A

Acetone and Carnoy’s

124
Q

Acetone
A. fixes and dehydrates
B. fixes and decalcify
C. fixes and stains

A

A

125
Q

Acetone is used at what temperature

A

-5-4 degrees Celsius

126
Q

Disadvantages of acetone

A

Dissolves fats and evaporates easily

127
Q

It is used as raw material in making shabu

A

ACETONE

128
Q

A type of fixation used in frozen sections

A

Heat fixation

129
Q

It Involves thermal coagulation of CHON and in micro, it is used for bacterial smears

A

Heat fixation

130
Q

It is done to improve demonstration of substance, ensure complete hardening and for special staining

A

Secondary fixation

131
Q

A secondary fixation with the use of potassium dichromate

A

Post chromatization

132
Q

Post chromatization is used for,

A

cytologic preservations

133
Q

Removal of excess fixative from the tissue after fixation to improve staining and remove artifacts

A

washing out

134
Q

Type of washing out technique used to remove excess amount of picric acid/bouin’s

A

50-70% alcohol

135
Q

Type of washing out technique used to remove Kelly’s, zenker’s, flemming’s, Remove excess chromate, formalin, osmic acid

A

Tap water

136
Q

Type of washing out technique used to remove excess mercuric fixative

A

alcoholic iodine

137
Q

Type of washing out technique used to remove excess amount of picric acid/bouin’s

A

50-70% alcohol

138
Q

These factors will retard fixation

A

size and thickness, presence of mucus, blood, fats, and cold temperature

139
Q

These factors will accelerate fixation

A

smaller and thin tissues, agitation, heating 37-56 degrees Celsius

140
Q 
inactivation of enzymes is due to:
A. prolonged fixation
B. incomplete washing of fixative
C. wrong choice of fixative
D. incomplete fixation
A

C

141
Q 
presence of artefacts on tissues is due to:
A. prolonged fixation
B. incomplete washing of fixative
C. wrong choice of fixative
D. incomplete fixation
A

B

142
Q 
Tissue are soft and feather like in consistency are due to:
A. prolonged fixation
B. incomplete washing of fixative
C. wrong choice of fixative
D. incomplete fixation
A

D

143
Q 
shrinkage and swelling of cells is due to:
A. overfixation
B. incomplete washing of fixative
C. wrong choice of fixative
D. incomplete fixation
A

A

144
Q

Microwave Technique may be used for neurochemical substances in brain like

A

acetylcholine

145
Q

What is the secondary goal of fixation?

A

Harden tissues for easy cutting and protect from further trauma

146
Q

It is a technique that increases movement of molecules thereby accelerating fixation, staining, decalcification, immunohistochemistry and EM

A

Microwave technique

147
Q

Ideal time to perform fixation is

A

20-30 minutes following interruption of blood supply

148
Q

This refers to the period the tissue is exposed to formalin

A

Fixation time

149
Q

Volume of osmium tetroxide for EM;

A

5-10 time the volume of tissue

150
Q

Volume of tissue for museum preparations

A

not <50-100 times the volume of specimen

151
Q

Autopsy materials should be fixed as soon after death as

possible. If not possible, body must be placed in a mortuary
ref. What should be the temperature of mortuary ref?

A

4 degrees Celsius

152
Q

Hollow organs (stomach, intestine) should be

A

put cotton soaked in with specimen or it is completely open

153
Q

To prevent floating of air-filled lungs in fixative, what should be done?

A

cover with several layers of gauze to keep it at bottom

154
Q

Human Brain must undergo

A

intravascular perfusion- washing out of blood using ringer’s lactate

155
Q

Eyes should be dissected before they are fixed. True of False?

A

False

156
Q

Hard tissues (cervix, uterine, fibroid etc.) must undergo what method?

A

Lendrum’s method- immersing in 4% aqueous phenol for 1-3 days

157
Q

Factors to be considered when choosing the right fixative

A
  1. urgency
  2. tissue structure
  3. type of stain
  4. type of specimen
158
Q

This type of additive stabilizes tissue proteins
A. Non-additive
B. Additive

A

B

159
Q

This type of additive involves alteration of tissue components
A. Non-additive
B. Additive

A

A

160
Q

Examples of non-additive fixatives are:

A

Alcohol and acetone

161
Q 
Recommended for mailing specimens and colloid tissue photography
A. formalin/formaldehyde
B. Mercuric chloride
C. Glutaraldehyde
D. Picric Acid fixative
A

A

162
Q

Disadvantages of using formalin/formaldehyde

A
  1. irritating fumes
  2. contact dermatitis
  3. brown pigment on blood-containing tissue like spleen
163
Q 
It is used for fixing liver, spleen, CT fibers and nuclei
A. Zenker's formol/Helly's
B. Zenker's fluid
C. B5 
D. Heidenhain's susa
A

B

164
Q 
Zenker's fluid contains
A. anhydrous sodium acetate
B. Potassium dichromate and 40% formaldehyde
C. Mercuric chloride and HAc
D. TCA, Glac HAc & formalin
A

C

165
Q 
It is used for lipids, neutral fats and phospholipids
A. Zenker's fluid
B. B5
C. 10% Neutral buffered formalin
D. Formol sublimate/corrosive
A

D

166
Q 
It is used for pituitary glands, BM and other blood-containing tissues
A. Heidenhain's susa
B. Zenker's Fluid
C. Helly's fluid
D. Alcoholic iodine
A

C

167
Q 
It is used for tumor skin biopsies
A. Heidenhain's susa
B. Formol sublimate
C. Zenker's fluid
D. Potassium dichromate
A

A

168
Q 
It is used for acid mucopolysaccharides and tissue mucin
A. Potassium dichromate
B. B5
C. Lead fixatives
D. Glutaraldehyde
A

C

169
Q 
It is used for chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies and RBC containing colloid tissues.
A. Regaud's/Moller's
B. Helly's 
C. Gendre's
D. Alcoholic iodine
A

A

170
Q 
It is used for early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis.
A. Moller's
B. Helly's
C. Orth's
D. Zenker's
A

C

171
Q

Fixatives used for enzyme histochemistry

A

4% formaldehyde

Formol saline

172
Q

Fixatives used for EM and Electron histochemistry

A

Glutaraldehyde
Osmium tetroxide
Paraformaldehyde

173
Q

Which of the following will remove picric acid/bouin’s?
A. Alcohol iodine
B. 50-70% alcohol
C. Tapwater

A

B

174
Q

Which of the following will remove excess mercuric chloride?
A. Alcohol iodine
B. 50-70% alcohol
C. Tapwater

A

A

175
Q

Which of the following will remove zenker’s?
A. Alcohol iodine
B. 50-70% alcohol
C. Tapwater

A

C

176
Q

adequate fixation time (book)

A

4-6 hrs

177
Q

recommended size of the tissue (book)

A

2 cm2, and no more than 4 mm. thick.

178
Q

rate of penetration for aldehyde fixative (book)

A

two to-three millimeter per hour

179
Q

For solid material (e.g., liver) the longest dimension should not exceed (book)

A

10-15mm

180
Q

commonly added to osmium tetroxide fixatives for electron

microscopy (book)

A

sucrose

181
Q

Formaldehyde is normally used at what percent of solution? (book)

A

10%

182
Q

Glutaraldehyde is normally used at what percent of solution? (book)

A

3%

183
Q

It destroys mitochondria and Golgi bodies of the cytoplasm. (book)

A

glacial acetic acid

184
Q

Small endoscopic specimens are particularly susceptible to this type of damage. (book)

A

Drying of specimen

185
Q

Purulent material, exudates or transudates should be marked and kept for possible cultures, smears and other bacteriologic examination. True or false? (book)

A

true

186
Q

Human brains may be suspended by a (book)

A

cord tied under the Circle of Willis to prevent flattening

187
Q

Intravascular perfusion (washing out of blood with Ringer’s lactate) may lead to? (book)

A

artifact formation with loss of blood content

188
Q

Frozen sections may lead to formation of (book)

A

ice crystal artifacts

189
Q

prepared from stock solutions immediately before use because they are unstable (book)

A

Helly’s fluid

190
Q

a well-known artifact that may be produced under acid

conditions. (book)

A

formalin pigment

191
Q

Failure to arrest early autolysis of cells (book)

A

Failure to fix immediately, Insufficient fixative

192
Q

Formalin pigment may be eliminated or reduced by (book)

A

fixation in phenol formalin

193
Q

may be found in surgical specimens particularly in liver

biopsies, associated with an intense eosinophilic staining at the center of the tissue in H&E stained sections. (book)

A

Crush artifact

194
Q

should be used for demonstrating lipid in tissues, followed by a general lipid stain. (book)

A

Cryostat or frozen sections

195
Q

The most useful fixatives for preserving glycogen (book)

A

Rossman’s fluid or cold absolute alcohol

196
Q

commonly used fixatives for amino acid histochemistry (book)

A

Neutral buffered formal saline or formaldehyde vapor

197
Q

commonly used in pathology for the demonstration of various antibodies (book)

A

Immunofluorescence techniques

198
Q

Examples of organic solvents

A

alcohols and acetone

199
Q

Example of Cross-linking reagents

A

paraformaldehyde

200
Q

causes covalent cross-links between molecules, effectively gluing them together into an insoluble meshwork (book)

A

paraformaldehyde

201
Q

variables that need to be considered when developing immunohistochemistry protocols (book)

A

Fixation method, time, and temperature

202
Q

immunofluorescent (IF) staining is best done on (book)

A

frozen sections

203
Q

Background auto fluorescence, to a greater or lesser degree, can be
suppressed by a post-staining (book)

A

Sudan Black treatment

204
Q

Microwave antigen retrieval is one of several so-called what method

A

‘HIER’ (heat induced epitope retrieval) methods

205
Q

considered to be the major factor responsible for the effects of
microwaves during tissue fixation. (book)

A

heat

206
Q

After microwaving they should immediately be sliced to

_____ and placed in ______. (book)

A

2 mm, 70% ethanol

207
Q

The chief advantage of microwave fixation (book)

A

tissue is heated right through the block in a very short time, thereby potentially allowing the study of cellular processes that proceed very rapidly.

208
Q

microwave fixation is useful in preserving (book)

A

neurochemical substances in brain, such acetylcholine

209
Q

Two types of chemical fixatives according to their mechanism of action

A

Crosslinking Fixatives (e.g., Aldehydes) and Precipitating (or denaturing) fixatives (e.g., alcoholic fixatives)

210
Q

presence of buffer prevents

A

formalin pigmentation

211
Q

can be used as a fixative for cell smears

A

formaldehyde vapor

212
Q

what is the ratio in diluting the concentrated formalin in phosphate buffer?

A

1:10

213
Q

“Overnight” fixation (i.e., 8-12 hours) is generally indicated for

A

10 mm thick slices of tissues

214
Q

At what temperature does native DNA and RNA do not react with formaldehyde?

A

20-22 degrees Celsius

215
Q

At what temperature does RNA and DNA consecutively reacts?

A

45 and 65 degrees Celcius

216
Q

recommended for colored tissue photography

A

formalin

217
Q

Formation of brown pigment granules on blood-containing tissues, e.g., spleen is due to:

A

blackening of hemoglobin

218
Q 
If there is a necessary delay in fixation, the tissue should be immersed in:
A. Formalin/formaldehyde
B. Cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
C. Formol sublimate
D. Zenker's
A

B

219
Q 
Natural tissue colors may be restored by immersing tissues in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ after fixation. 
A. 10% methanol
B. 70% alcohol
C. Lithium carbonate
D. Glacial acetic acid
A

B

220
Q

Brown or black crystalline precipitate formed by the action of formic acid with blood and can be removed from the sections prior to staining by
treatment with?

A

saturated alcoholic picric acid or a 1% solution of potassium hydroxide in 80% alcohol

221
Q

If fatty tissues are to be stored for a long time, what can be added to prevent dispersion of fat out into the fluid.

A

cadmium or cobalt salts

222
Q

post-fixed in osmic acid may result in hypotonicity and bleaching, to prevent this, what should be done:
A. must not be washed in demineralized water
B. fix in 70% ethyl alcohol
C. wash with tap water
D. wash with 50-70% alcohol

A

A

223
Q

Fixation of tissue blocks not exceeding 5 mm. in thickness is usually
complete in ______ hours at room temperature.
A. 6-12
B. 4-6
C. 24
D. 24-48

A

A

224
Q

Fixation time of 10% Formal-Saline

A

12 – 24 hours

225
Q

pH of 10% Formal-Saline

A

pH of 6.8

226
Q

Paraformaldehyde is suitable for:
A. lipids, neutral fats and phospholipids
B. paraffin embedding, sectioning and immunocytochemical analysis
C. general post mortem tissues
D. iron pigmented tissues and elastic fibers

A

B

227
Q

The most efficient aldehyde blockers are

A

ethanolamine and lysine

228
Q

Solid specimens taken from patients with gout are usually fixed in

A

95% ethanol

229
Q

appears to give the most usable

DNA fragments for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Ethanol

230
Q 
The color of the specimen can be preserved for photographic work using 
A. 70% alcohol
B. 80% alcohol
C. 90% alcohol
D. 100% alcohol
A

B

231
Q

Isopropyl Alcohol 95% is used for certain special staining procedures such as

A

Wright-Giemsa

232
Q

What happens when lower concentrations (lower than 70-100%) of ethyl alcohol are used?
A. cell shrinkage
B. cell swelling
C. RBC’s become hemolyzed and WBC’s are inadequately preserved.
D. precipitation of proteins

A

C

233
Q

fixation time of ethyl alcohol

A

18-24 hours

234
Q

Carnoy’s Fixative fixation time

A

1-3 hours

235
Q

Clarke’s solution has been used on

A

frozen sections and smears

236
Q 
It preserves nucleic acids but extracts lipids.
A. Helly's
B. Zenker's
C. Clarke's
D. Bouin's
A

C

237
Q

Alcoholic formalin fixation time

A

12-24 hours

238
Q 
It can be used for fixation or post-fixation of large fatty specimens (particularly BREAST)
A. Alcoholic formalin
B. Zenker's fluid
C. Helly's
D. Acetone
A

A

239
Q

Formol-acetic alcohol fixation time

A

1-6 hours

240
Q

Newcomer’s Fluid fixation time

A

12-18 hours at 3°C

241
Q 
It produces better reaction in Feulgen stain than Carnoy's fluid.
A. Regaud's/Moller's
B. Newcomer's
C. Rossmann's
D. Clarke's
A

B

242
Q 
It is recommended for renal tissue, fibrin, connective tissue and
muscle.
A. mercuric chloride
B. lead fixatives
C. potassium dichromate
D. B5
A

A

243
Q

Zenker’s Solution fixation time

A

12-24 hours

244
Q

Trichome staining

A

Zenker’s solution

245
Q

It is recommended for congested specimens (such as lung, heart and
blood vessels) and gives good results with PTAH.
A. Zenker’s fluid
B. Potassium dichromated
C. Helly’s
D. Newcomer’s

A

A

246
Q

Zenker-Formol (Helly’s) Solution fixation time

A

4 – 24 hours

247
Q 
This mixture enhances nuclear detail, which is important for identifying normal and abnormal cell types in bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue) specimens.
A. Helly's
B. Rossmann's
C. B5
D. Lillie’s B-5 Fixative
A

D

248
Q

Lillie’s B-5 Fixative fixation time

A

4-8 hours

249
Q

Heidenhain’s Susa Solution fixation time

A

3-12 hours

250
Q 
This method of staining elastic fibers is not possible in Susa fixed
tissues. 
A. Romanowsky's
B. Giemsa's
C. Wright's
D. Weigert's
A

D

251
Q 
traditionally used in electron microscopy both as a fixative and a heavy metal stain.
A. Potassium dichromate
B. Glacial acetic acid
C. Chromic acid
D. Osmium tetroxide
A

D

252
Q

the most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative used

A

flemming’s solution

253
Q 
It permanently fixes fat.
A. Osmium tetroxide
B. Flemming's solution
C. Chromic acid
D. Zenker's fluid
A

B

254
Q

Flemming’s solution’s fixation time

A

24-48 hours

255
Q 
It is a strong oxidizing agent
A. Osmium tetroxide
B. Flemming's solution
C. Chromic acid
D. Zenker's fluid
A

C

256
Q

Orth’s Fluid Fixation time

A

36-72 hours

257
Q 
an explosive hazard in dry form
A. Bouin's
B. Glacial Acetic acid
C. Picric Acid
D. Osmium tetroxide
A

C

258
Q 
Prolonged storage in this acidic mixture causes hydrolysis
and loss of stainable DNA and RNA.
A. Bouin's
B. Glacial Acetic acid
C. Picric Acid
D. Osmium tetroxide
A

A

259
Q

Bouin’s solution fixation time

A

4 – 18 hours

260
Q 
It is suitable for Aniline stains (Mallory's, Heidenhain's or Masson's
methods).
A. Picric Acid
B. Glacial Acetic acid
C. Bouin's
D. Osmium tetroxide
A

C

261
Q

It is the preferred fixative for tissues to be stained by Masson’s
trichrome for collagen, elastic or connective tissue.
A. Picric Acid
B. Gendre’s solution
C. Bouin’s
D. Osmium tetroxide

A

B

262
Q 
a reagent that is used for the precipitation of proteins and nucleic acids.
A. Picric Acid
B. Glacial Acetic acid
C. TCA
D. Osmium tetroxide
A

C

263
Q

provides a stable medium for transport of fresh unfixed
tissues, such as renal, skin and oral mucosa biopsies.
A. Picric Acid
B. Glacial Acetic acid
C. TCA
D. Michel’s solution

A

D

264
Q

Cryostat or frozen sections should be used in what tissues?

A

Lipids

265
Q 
Most usable for DNA fragments for PCR
A. bouin's
B. Formaldehyde
C. ethanol
D. Zenker's fluid
A

C

266
Q 
Traditionally the amount of fixative use is
A. 10x the vol. of specimen
B. 20-30x the vol. of the specimen
C. 10-25 vol. of the specimen
D. 5x vol. of the specimen
A

C

267
Q

normally used in strong saturated aqueous solution (approximately 1%)

A

Picric acid

268
Q

It is a form of secondary fixation where in the already fixed tissue is placed in 2.5-3% pot. dichromate

A

post chromatization

269
Q 
Aldehyde fixative recommended for preservation and storage of surgical specimen
A. Phosphate buffered formalin
B. Glutaraldehyde
C. Alcohol formalin
D. Formol corrosive
A

A

270
Q

One of the advantage of this fixative is it fixed myelin and peripheral nerve as well

A

Osmium tetroxide

271
Q 
It is an excellent microanatomic fixative for pituitary gland, bone marrow, and blood containing organs
A. Helly's soln
B. Brasil's fluid
C. Moller's fluid
D. Orth's fluid
A

A

272
Q

Low temperature retards fixation but prevent autolysis

True or false

A

True

273
Q

This method of fixation involves thermal coagulation of protein and usually employed in frozen tissue section

A

Heat fixation

274
Q 
Alcohol formalin is also known as 
A. Moller's fluid
B. Helley's fluid
C. Gendre's fixative
D. Formol sublimate
A

C

275
Q

Tissue should not be more than 5mm thick except in lung edema
True or false

A

true

276
Q

Hard specimen must be immersed overnight with 4% aqueous sol’n
True or false

A

false, dpat 1-3 days

277
Q

Chromic acid and osmic acid is the component of flemming’s soln without acetic acid
True of false

A

True

278
Q 
Alcoholic fixative suitable for small tissue fragments such as currettings and biopsy material
A. Carnoy's fluid
B. Isopropyl acohol 95%
C. Newcomer's fluid
D. Ethyl alcohol
A

A

279
Q

Water is used to remove picric acid fixative

True or false

A

False

280
Q

Eyes as a specimen should not be dissected prior to fixation

True or false

A

True

281
Q

Over fixation will result to shrinkage and swelling of cells and tissue structure
True of false

A

True

282
Q 
Specific fixative recommended/utilize to fix nuclear structure
A. Heidenhain's susa
B. B5 fixative
C. Zenker's formol
D. Flemming's solution
A

D

283
Q

Human brains shall be washed out with Ringer’s lactate sol’n

True or False

A

True

284
Q

This type of fixative does not need washing out process after fixation
A. Bouin’s sol’n’s
B. Bouin’s solution

A

B

285
Q

Wrong choice of fixative will result to removal of substances in the cells or structure
True of false

A

True

286
Q 
Metallic fixative for preservation of cell detail in tissue photography
A. mercuric chloride
B. heidenhain's susa
C. Zenker''s sol'n 
D. B5 fixative
A

A

287
Q

Specific fixative for fixing brain tissue for rapid diagnosis of rabies

A

Acetone

Histopathology Lec&Lab (7 decks)

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