Module 1/ Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 1

Types of cells?

Answer 1

Bacteria cells, animal cells, plant cells

Question 2

Similarities in Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes?

Answer 2

-Genetic information that is encoded in DNA

-Plasma membrane made of bilayers of phospholipids.

Question 3

Similarities in Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes mechanisms

Answer 3

1.Transcription and translation of genetic information including ribosomes

2.Photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and plants

3.Synthesizing and inserting membrane proteins

4.Presence of a cytoskeleton.

5. Similar process for the conversion of chemical energy into ATP. In prokaryote, occurs in the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes, it occurs in the mitochondria.

6.Share metabolic pathways (e.g., glycolysis and citric acid cycle)

Question 4

Differences between Cytoplasm/Cytosol

Answer 4

Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus, also it is where all organelles float. While cytosol is the fluid containing organic molecules, proteins, metabolic waste, etc.

Question 5

Differences in Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes

Answer 5

In prokaryotes
1. Absence of nucleus
2. Presence of nucleoid (non-membrane-bounded region where the circular chromosomes is concentrated)
3. Absence of organelles (membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions)
4. The cytoplasm is therefore made of the cytosol

In eukaryotes:
1. The cytoplasm includes the cytosol, organelles, some inclusions (storage of substance), and excludes the nucleus
2. Presence of a nucleus with linear chromosomes, made of chromatin (DNA+histone proteins)

Question 6

Differences in their outer membrane of Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes

Answer 6

Prokaryote:
Bacteria have a cell walls contain peptidoglycan

Eukaryote:
Plants cell wall maintains the shape of the cell, prevents excessive water uptake and acts as a barrier to pathogens

Animal cells contain extracellular matrix which is a network of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycan bonded to short chains of sugar (e.g., collagen 40% of all proteins in the human body)

Question 7

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 7

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a network of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycan bonded covalently to short chains of sugar (e.g., collagen contain 40% of all proteins in the human body).

Question 8

Reproduction of Prokaryotes/ Eukaryotes

Answer 8

Prokaryotes are asexual reproduction that go through binary fission (simple cell division) into two identical daughter cells.

Eukaryotes are sexual reproduction that require meiosis and fertilization.

Question 9

Flagellum

Answer 9

Flagellum is a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion

In prokaryotes flagellum are made of flagellin and inserted in the plasma membrane.

In eukaryotes they project from the cytoskeleton and are covered by the plasma membrane.

Question 10

Features only found in Eukaryotes?

Answer 10

-Complex chromosomes composed of DNA and associated proteins (histone) that are capable of compact in into mitotic structures.

-Membranous cytoplasmic organelles

-Specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic respiration (mitochondria) and photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

-Proteins and filaments of the cytoskeletal system as well as motor proteins.

-Ability to ingest particulate material by enclosure within plasma membrane vesicles (phagocytosis)

-Presence of two copies of genes per cell (diploidy), one from each parent (sometimes more, ex: polyploidy in plants)

Question 11

Collagen

Answer 11

Collagen fibers are embedded in a network of proteoglycan (core protein bonded covalently to polysaccharides)

Question 12

Fibronectin

Answer 12

Fibronectin are proteins that attach both to ECM and integrin (transmembrane proteins) which are themselves attached to the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

Question 13

Integrin

Answer 13

Integrin can transmit (integrate) information between the ECM and the cytoskeleton.