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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign: Risks to Crop Production in Agriculture > Module 1| Crop Production Cycle: Lesson 1.1 Crop Production > Flashcards

Module 1| Crop Production Cycle: Lesson 1.1 Crop Production Flashcards

1
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- ___
- Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans
- Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas
- Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons
- Cash crops: coffee, cocoa
- Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers
- Textile crops: cotton, hemp
- Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

A

Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley

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2
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley
- ___
- Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas
- Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons
- Cash crops: coffee, cocoa
- Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers
- Textile crops: cotton, hemp
- Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

A

Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans

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3
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley
- Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans
- ___
- Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons
- Cash crops: coffee, cocoa
- Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers
- Textile crops: cotton, hemp
- Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

A

Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas

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4
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley
- Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans
- Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas
- ___
- Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons
- Cash crops: coffee, cocoa
- Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers
- Textile crops: cotton, hemp
- Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

A

Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava

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5
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley
- Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans
- Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas
- Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- ___
- Cash crops: coffee, cocoa
- Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers
- Textile crops: cotton, hemp
- Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

A

Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons

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6
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley
- Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans
- Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas
- Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons
- ___
- Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers
- Textile crops: cotton, hemp
- Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

A

Cash crops: coffee, cocoa

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7
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley
- Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans
- Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas
- Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons
- Cash crops: coffee, cocoa
- ___
- Textile crops: cotton, hemp
- Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

A

Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers

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8
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley
- Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans
- Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas
- Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons
- Cash crops: coffee, cocoa
- Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers
- ___
- Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

A

Textile crops: cotton, hemp

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9
Q

What is a crop?

Categories
- Cereals: wheat, rice, corn, barley
- Oil Seeds: Sunflowers, canola, soybeans
- Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, peas
- Root and tuber crops: potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- Fruit: apples, bananas, oranges, lemons
- Cash crops: coffee, cocoa
- Vegetable crops: broccoli, lettuce, peppers
- Textile crops: cotton, hemp
- ___

A

Forrage crops: alfalfa, grasses

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10
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 1

Crop production cycle length
- ___
- to the time the crop has been marketed

A

from the time the first expenses for a crop are incurred

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11
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 1

Crop production cycle length
- from the time the first expenses for a crop are incurred
- ___

A

to the time the crop has been marketed

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12
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 1

General Observations
- ___
- exact timing of farm operations highly dependent on weatherrealted factors (temperature, soil moisture, wind)
- other potentially disrupting factors: lack of inputs; seed, fertaliser, pesticides, labour

A

most commodity crop production cycles based on an annual growing season

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13
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 1

General Observations
- most commodity crop production cycles based on an annual growing season
- ___
- other potentially disrupting factors: lack of inputs; seed, fertaliser, pesticides, labour

A

exact timing of farm operations highly dependent on weatherrealted factors (temperature, soil moisture, wind)

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14
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 1

General Observations
- most commodity crop production cycles based on an annual growing season
- exact timing of farm operations highly dependent on weatherrealted factors (temperature, soil moisture, wind)
- ___

A

other potentially disrupting factors: lack of inputs; seed, fertaliser, pesticides, labour

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15
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Tillage - disturbing the soil in some way
- ___
- control weeds and pests
- improve overall soil structure for crop production

A

to better prepare it for planting

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16
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Tillage - disturbing the soil in some way
- to better prepare it for planting
- ___
- improve overall soil structure for crop production

A

control weeds and pests

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17
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Tillage - disturbing the soil in some way
- to better prepare it for planting
- control weeds and pests
- ___

A

improve overall soil structure for crop production

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18
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

More intensive tillage

pros
- ___
- seedbed preparation

cons
- loss of topsoil and erosion
- disruption of beneficial organisms in soil ecosystem

A

more effective weed control

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19
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

More intensive tillage

pros
- more effective weed control
- ___

cons
- loss of topsoil and erosion
- disruption of beneficial organisms in soil ecosystem

A

seedbed preparation

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20
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

More intensive tillage

pros
- more effective weed control
- seedbed preparation

cons
- ___
- disruption of beneficial organisms in soil ecosystem

A

loss of topsoil and erosion

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21
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

More intensive tillage

pros
- more effective weed control
- seedbed preparation

cons
- loss of topsoil and erosion
- ___

A

disruption of beneficial organisms in soil ecosystem

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22
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Less intensive tillage

Pros
- ___

Cons
- soil compaction
- residue from previous crops buildup
- weed and pest management

A

address cons of intensive tillage

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23
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Less intensive tillage

Pros
- address cons of intensive tillage

Cons
- ___
- residue from previous crops buildup
- weed and pest management

A

soil compaction

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24
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Less intensive tillage

Pros
- address cons of intensive tillage

Cons
- soil compaction
- ___
- weed and pest management

A

residue from previous crops buildup

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25
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Less intensive tillage

Pros
- address cons of intensive tillage

Cons
- soil compaction
- residue from previous crops buildup
- ___

A

weed and pest management

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26
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Tile drainage
- ___
- linked to nutrient runoff

A

helped convert swamps and wetlands to high productive agricultural areas

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27
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Tile drainage
- helped convert swamps and wetlands to high productive agricultural areas
- ___

A

linked to nutrient runoff

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28
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Organic production practices
- ___
- more labour intensive, difficulties in weed and pest management
- lower yields but these can be offset by higher prices
- typically involves multiyear certificate process
- risk of cross contamination

A

emphasise sustainability and environmental stewardship

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29
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Organic production practices
- emphasise sustainability and environmental stewardship
- ___
- lower yields but these can be offset by higher prices
- typically involves multiyear certificate process
- risk of cross contamination

A

more labour intensive, difficulties in weed and pest management

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30
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Organic production practices
- emphasise sustainability and environmental stewardship
- more labour intensive, difficulties in weed and pest management
- ___ but these can be offset by ___
- typically involves multiyear certificate process
- risk of cross contamination

A

lower yields / higher prices

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31
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Organic production practices
- emphasise sustainability and environmental stewardship
- more labour intensive, difficulties in weed and pest management
- lower yields but these can be offset by higher prices
- ___
- risk of cross contamination

A

typically involves multiyear certificate process

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32
Q

Common Production Practices: Part 2

Organic production practices
- emphasise sustainability and environmental stewardship
- more labour intensive, difficulties in weed and pest management
- lower yields but these can be offset by higher prices
- typically involves multiyear certificate process
- ___

A

risk of cross contamination

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33
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Nutrient Management

  • ___
  • farmers are reducing planted acres with excess nutrient use for most crops

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

farmers are improving nutrient recovery rates for most crops

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34
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Nutrient Management

  • farmers are improving nutrient recovery rates for most crops
  • farmers are ___ planted acres with ___ for most crops

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

reducing / excess nutrient use

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35
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Nutrient Management

Farmers are reducing planted acres with excess nutrient use for most crops
- ___ is the ratio of ___ to ___.
- For soybeans, phosphate recovery is above 100 percent, suggesting that phosphates are actually mined from the soil. Continued plant mining of phosphate may reduce soil productivity in the long-run.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

The nutrient recovery rate / the amount of nutrient in the harvested crop / the amount of nutrient applied

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36
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Nutrient Management

Farmers are reducing planted acres with excess nutrient use for most crops
- The nutrient recovery rate is the ratio of the amount of nutrient in the harvested crop to the amount of nutrient applied.
- ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

For soybeans, phosphate recovery is above 100 percent, suggesting that phosphates are actually mined from the soil. Continued plant mining of phosphate may reduce soil productivity in the long-run.

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37
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Nutrient Management

Farmers are reducing planted acres with excess nutrient use for most crops

Yields (and efficiency) have benefited from
- ___
- soil testing for nitrogen
- use of genetically engineered (GE) seeds to reduce pest damage
- adoption of precision technology (like yield monitors and soil mapping)

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

increased crop rotation (corn planted after soybeans)

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38
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Nutrient Management

Farmers are reducing planted acres with excess nutrient use for most crops

Yields (and efficiency) have benefited from
- increased crop rotation (corn planted after soybeans)
- ___
- use of genetically engineered (GE) seeds to reduce pest damage
- adoption of precision technology (like yield monitors and soil mapping)

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

soil testing for nitrogen

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39
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Nutrient Management

Farmers are reducing planted acres with excess nutrient use for most crops

Yields (and efficiency) have benefited from
- increased crop rotation (corn planted after soybeans)
- soil testing for nitrogen
- use of ___ to reduce pest damage
- adoption of precision technology (like yield monitors and soil mapping)

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

genetically engineered (GE) seeds

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40
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Nutrient Management

Farmers are reducing planted acres with excess nutrient use for most crops

Yields (and efficiency) have benefited from
- increased crop rotation (corn planted after soybeans)
- soil testing for nitrogen
- use of genetically engineered (GE) seeds to reduce pest damage
- ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

adoption of precision technology (like yield monitors and soil mapping)

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41
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Pest management strategies
- ___
- rotate crops
- scout fields
- consider factors such as plant density and planting dates
- apply organic and synthetic pesticides

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

till soil

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42
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Pest management strategies
- till soil
- ___
- scout fields
- consider factors such as plant density and planting dates
- apply organic and synthetic pesticides

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

rotate crops

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43
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Pest management strategies
- till soil
- rotate crops
- ___
- consider factors such as plant density and planting dates
- apply organic and synthetic pesticides

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

scout fields

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44
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Pest management strategies
- till soil
- rotate crops
- scout fields
- consider factors such as ___ and ___
- apply organic and synthetic pesticides

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

plant density / planting dates

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45
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Pest management strategies
- till soil
- rotate crops
- scout fields
- consider factors such as plant density and planting dates
- ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

apply organic and synthetic pesticides

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46
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Soil Tillage and Crop Rotation
- ___
- Conventional tillage is the most intensive form
- Conservation tillage, in which at least 30 percent of plant residue remains on the field following harvest, is less intensive than conventional tillage

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

No-till is generally the least intensive form

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47
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Soil Tillage and Crop Rotation
- No-till is generally the least intensive form
- ___
- Conservation tillage, in which at least 30 percent of plant residue remains on the field following harvest, is less intensive than conventional tillage

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Conventional tillage is the most intensive form

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48
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Soil Tillage and Crop Rotation
- No-till is generally the least intensive form
- Conventional tillage is the most intensive form
- ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Conservation tillage, in which at least 30 percent of plant residue remains on the field following harvest, is less intensive than conventional tillage

49
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Soil Tillage and Crop Rotation

  • ___
  • Recent trends in multi-cropping: a method to intensify production without expanding acreage
  • Conservation programs and drought risk adapting: Crop farms facing higher drought risk were more likely to use conservation tillage practices. Conservation tillage producers often able to improve the capture and storage of soil moisture, which provides their crops an important buffer against drought impacts.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Conservation practices vary by crop and region

50
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Soil Tillage and Crop Rotation

  • Conservation practices vary by crop and region
  • ___
  • Conservation programs and drought risk adapting: Crop farms facing higher drought risk were more likely to use conservation tillage practices. Conservation tillage producers often able to improve the capture and storage of soil moisture, which provides their crops an important buffer against drought impacts.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Recent trends in multi-cropping: a method to intensify production without expanding acreage

51
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Pest Management

Soil Tillage and Crop Rotation

  • Conservation practices vary by crop and region
  • Recent trends in multi-cropping: a method to intensify production without expanding acreage
  • ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Conservation programs and drought risk adapting: Crop farms facing higher drought risk were more likely to use conservation tillage practices. Conservation tillage producers often able to improve the capture and storage of soil moisture, which provides their crops an important buffer against drought impacts.

52
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Livestock Production Practices

  • the number of livestock operations has ___
  • production has shifted to larger and more specialized operations
  • movement towards cost-saving production technologies and practices.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

fallen

53
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Livestock Production Practices

  • the number of livestock operations has fallen
  • ___
  • movement towards cost-saving production technologies and practices.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

production has shifted to larger and more specialized operations

54
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Livestock Production Practices

  • the number of livestock operations has fallen
  • production has shifted to larger and more specialized operations
  • movement towards ___ technologies and practices

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

cost-saving production

55
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Livestock Production Practices

  • Dairy farm structure and policy: ___
  • Antibiotic use on livestock operations: pressure to limit antibiotic uses for purposes other than disease treatment; changes in production practices, potential repercussions for prices and volumes in livestock markets
  • Climate change and dairy productivity: producers deal with heat stress; increase production costs and capital expenditures; dairy cows particularly sensitive to heat stress
  • Hog farm structure and productivity: past two decades, larger hog enterprises, increased specialization in a single phase of production, greater reliance on purchased feed, formal contracts to coordinate production

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Dairy Margin Protection Program. The new program aims to provide farmers with financial protection against risks from increasing volatility in milk and feed prices.

56
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Livestock Production Practices

  • Dairy farm structure and policy: Dairy Margin Protection Program. The new program aims to provide farmers with financial protection against risks from increasing volatility in milk and feed prices.
  • [pressure to limit…]
  • Climate change and dairy productivity: producers deal with heat stress; increase production costs and capital expenditures; dairy cows particularly sensitive to heat stress
  • Hog farm structure and productivity: past two decades, larger hog enterprises, increased specialization in a single phase of production, greater reliance on purchased feed, formal contracts to coordinate production

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Antibiotic use on livestock operations: pressure to limit antibiotic uses for purposes other than disease treatment; changes in production practices, potential repercussions for prices and volumes in livestock markets

57
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Livestock Production Practices

  • Dairy farm structure and policy: Dairy Margin Protection Program. The new program aims to provide farmers with financial protection against risks from increasing volatility in milk and feed prices.
  • Antibiotic use on livestock operations: pressure to limit antibiotic uses for purposes other than disease treatment; changes in production practices, potential repercussions for prices and volumes in livestock markets
  • ___
  • Hog farm structure and productivity: past two decades, larger hog enterprises, increased specialization in a single phase of production, greater reliance on purchased feed, formal contracts to coordinate production

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Climate change and dairy productivity: producers deal with heat stress; increase production costs and capital expenditures; dairy cows particularly sensitive to heat stress

58
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Livestock Production Practices

  • Dairy farm structure and policy: Dairy Margin Protection Program. The new program aims to provide farmers with financial protection against risks from increasing volatility in milk and feed prices.
  • Antibiotic use on livestock operations: pressure to limit antibiotic uses for purposes other than disease treatment; changes in production practices, potential repercussions for prices and volumes in livestock markets
  • Climate change and dairy productivity: producers deal with heat stress; increase production costs and capital expenditures; dairy cows particularly sensitive to heat stress
  • Hog farm structure and productivity: ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

past two decades, larger hog enterprises, increased specialization in a single phase of production, greater reliance on purchased feed, formal contracts to coordinate production

59
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Manure Management

  • Anaerobic digesters ___
  • Agriculture is a major source of the nutrient pollution causing hypoxic “dead” zones in many areas of the country, including the Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

can use manure to produce a biogas that can be burned to generate electricity, can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from manure storage and handling.

60
Q

Crop & Livestock Practices: Manure Management

  • Anaerobic digesters: can use manure to produce a biogas that can be burned to generate electricity, can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from manure storage and handling.
  • ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/crop-livestock-practices/

A

Agriculture is a major source of the nutrient pollution causing hypoxic “dead” zones in many areas of the country, including the Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes.

61
Q

Permanent Crops

  • ___
  • nut bearing trees: almonds,
    pistachios, walnuts, hazelnuts and pecans.
  • grapes: wine grapes,
    table grapes, fresh whole fruit, grape juice and raisin applications
  • Berries such as blueberries,
    caneberries (raspberries and blackberries), strawberries are technically a perennial crop as well
A

fruit trees: apples,
oranges, peaches, cherries, and some tropical fruits

62
Q

Permanent Crops

  • fruit trees: apples,
    oranges, peaches, cherries, and some tropical fruits
  • ___
  • grapes: wine grapes,
    table grapes, fresh whole fruit, grape juice and raisin applications
  • Berries such as blueberries,
    caneberries (raspberries and blackberries), strawberries are technically a perennial crop as well
A

nut bearing trees: almonds,
pistachios, walnuts, hazelnuts and pecans.

63
Q

Permanent Crops

  • fruit trees: apples,
    oranges, peaches, cherries, and some tropical fruits
  • nut bearing trees: almonds,
    pistachios, walnuts, hazelnuts and pecans.
  • ____
  • Berries such as blueberries,
    caneberries (raspberries and blackberries), strawberries are technically a perennial crop as well
A

grapes: wine grapes,
table grapes, fresh whole fruit, grape juice and raisin applications

64
Q

Permanent Crops

  • fruit trees: apples,
    oranges, peaches, cherries, and some tropical fruits
  • nut bearing trees: almonds,
    pistachios, walnuts, hazelnuts and pecans.
  • grapes: wine grapes,
    table grapes, fresh whole fruit, grape juice and raisin applications
  • ___
A

Berries such as blueberries,
caneberries (raspberries and blackberries), strawberries are technically a perennial crop as well

65
Q

Permanent Crops

  • Of the USDA estimated 890 million acres in farmland in the US, about ___ are in permanent crops.
  • Represent a substantially higher share of the value of agricultural production than acreage, due to the higher value per acre outputs.
  • Substantially more intensive operations and typically much higher commitments of capital.
A

12-13 million acres

66
Q

Permanent Crops

  • Of the USDA estimated 890 million acres in farmland in the US, about 12-13 million acres are in permanent crops.
  • Represent a substantially higher share of the value of agricultural production than acreage, due to ___
  • Substantially more intensive operationsand typically much higher commitments of capital.
A

the higher value per acre outputs.

67
Q

Permanent Crops

  • Of the USDA estimated 890 million acres in farmland in the US, about 12-13 million acres are in permanent crops.
  • Represent a substantially higher share of the value of agricultural production than acreage, due to the higher value per acre outputs.
  • Substantially more intensive operations and typically much higher ___
A

commitments of capital

68
Q

Permanent Crops

  • Typically require ___
  • Disease and pest pressures also can be more devastating due to the long-term
    regrowth interval required.
  • Water costs and the risks of inability
    to secure water rights in the future
    substantially impacted asset values and returns
  • Many permanent crop production regions are very specific and as a result,
    can be very dependent on export markets
  • Physical trees or vines, or canes can often be depreciated
A

intensive cultivational management including pruning, fertilization, irrigation in many cases, and specific pest control

69
Q

Permanent Crops

  • Typically require intensive cultivational management including pruning, fertilization, irrigation in many cases,
    and specific pest control
  • ___ also can be more devastating due to the long-term regrowth interval required
  • Water costs and the risks of inability
    to secure water rights in the future
    substantially impacted asset values and returns
  • Many permanent crop production regions are very specific and as a result, can be very dependent on export markets
  • Physical trees or vines, or canes can often be depreciated
A

Disease and pest pressures

70
Q

Permanent Crops

  • Typically require intensive cultivational management including pruning, fertilization, irrigation in many cases,
    and specific pest control
  • Disease and pest pressures also can be more devastating due to the long-term regrowth interval required.
  • ___ and the risks of inability
    to secure ___ in the future
    substantially impacted asset values and returns substantially impacted asset values and returns
  • Many permanent crop production regions are very specific and as a result, can be very dependent on export markets
  • Physical trees or vines, or canes can often be depreciated
A

Water costs / water rights

71
Q

Permanent Crops

  • Typically require intensive cultivational management including pruning, fertilization, irrigation in many cases, and specific pest control
  • Disease and pest pressures also can be more devastating due to the long-term regrowth interval required.
  • Water costs and the risks of inability
    to secure water rights in the future
    substantially impacted asset values and returns
  • Many permanent crop production regions are ___ and as a result, can be very dependent on export markets
  • Physical trees or vines, or canes can often be depreciated
A

very specific

72
Q

Permanent Crops

  • Typically require intensive cultivational management including pruning, fertilization, irrigation in many cases, and specific pest control
  • Disease and pest pressures also can be more devastating due to the long-term regrowth interval required.
  • Water costs and the risks of inability
    to secure water rights in the future
    substantially impacted asset values and returns
  • Many permanent crop production regions are very specific and as a result, can be very dependent on export markets
  • Physical trees or vines, or canes can often be ___
A

depreciated

73
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

  • in the United States, and irrigation accounted for ___ of the Nation’s total freshwater withdrawals in 2015
  • Irrigation has enhanced both the productivity and profitability of the agricultural sector.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

42 percent

74
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

  • in the United States, and irrigation accounted for 42 percent of the Nation’s total freshwater withdrawals in 2015
  • Irrigation has enhanced both the ___ and ___ of the agricultural sector.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

productivity / profitability

75
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

Where Does U.S. Crop Irrigation Occur?
- ___
- also common in the southeastern U.S., particularly along the Mississippi River Valley in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee as well as southern Georgia and central Florida.
- Nebraska most irrigated land, then California, Arkansas, Texas, and Idaho

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

concentrated in the western U.S. where the production of many crops requires irrigation

76
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

Where Does U.S. Crop Irrigation Occur?
- concentrated in the western U.S. where the production of many crops requires irrigation
- also common in the ___, particularly ___
- Nebraska most irrigated land, then California, Arkansas, Texas, and Idaho

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

southeastern U.S. / along the Mississippi River Valley in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee as well as southern Georgia and central Florida.

77
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

Where Does U.S. Crop Irrigation Occur?
- concentrated in the western U.S. where the production of many crops requires irrigation
- also common in the southeastern U.S., particularly along the Mississippi River Valley in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee as well as southern Georgia and central Florida.
- ___ most irrigated land, then ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

Nebraska / California, Arkansas, Texas, and Idaho

78
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

How Has Irrigation Evolved Over Time?
- Since 1890, irrigated acreage nationwide has ___ from ___ to ___ in 2017
- Between 1969 and 2017, the average irrigation application rate declined

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

grown / less than 3 million acres / over 58 million acres

79
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

How Has Irrigation Evolved Over Time?
- Since 1890, irrigated acreage nationwide has grown from less than 3 million acres to over 58 million acres in 2017
- Between 1969 and 2017, the average irrigation application rate ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

declined

80
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

Which Crops Are Irrigated?
- Irrigated acres planted in ___ and ___ have expanded in the past 50 years to become the most irrigated acreage in 2017

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

corn / soybeans

81
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

What Sources of Water Does Irrigated Agriculture Use?
- more than half of all water applied as irrigation came from ___ with the remaining water obtained from ___ sources

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

surface water / groundwater

82
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

How Are Crops Irrigated?
- ___ or ___ systems
- pressurized irrigation systems are generally more water-use efficient than gravity systems as less water is lost to evaporation, deep percolation and field runoff
- Over the last 30 years the conversion of gravity to pressurized irrigation systems has increased

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

gravity / pressurized

83
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

How Are Crops Irrigated?
- gravity or pressurized systems
- pressurized irrigation systems are generally more ___ than gravity systems as ___
- Over the last 30 years the conversion of gravity to pressurized irrigation systems has increased

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

water-use efficient / less water is lost to evaporation, deep percolation and field runoff

84
Q

Irrigation & Water Use

How Are Crops Irrigated?
- gravity or pressurized systems
- pressurized irrigation systems are generally more water-use efficient than gravity systems as less water is lost to evaporation, deep percolation and field runoff
- Over the last 30 years the conversion of ___ to ___ irrigation systems has increased

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use/

A

gravity / pressurized

85
Q

Risk in Agriculture

  • ___
  • Price or market risk
  • Financial risk
  • Institutional risk
  • Human or personal risk

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

Production risk

86
Q

Risk in Agriculture

  • Production risk
  • ___
  • Financial risk
  • Institutional risk
  • Human or personal risk

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

Price or market risk

87
Q

Risk in Agriculture

  • Production risk
  • Price or market risk
  • ___
  • Institutional risk
  • Human or personal risk

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

Financial risk

88
Q

Risk in Agriculture

  • Production risk
  • Price or market risk
  • Financial risk
  • ___
  • Human or personal risk

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

Institutional risk

89
Q

Risk in Agriculture

  • Production risk
  • Price or market risk
  • Financial risk
  • Institutional risk
  • ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

Human or personal risk

90
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Production risk
- the ___ of crops and livestock.
- quantity and quality of commodities produced are affected by weather, disease, pests, and other factors.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

uncertain natural growth processes

91
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Production risk
- the uncertain natural growth processes of crops and livestock.
- quantity and quality of commodities produced are affected by ___ and other factors.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

weather, disease, pests,

92
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Price or market risk
- uncertainty about the prices ___ or the prices ___
- price risk varies significantly from commodity to commodity.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

producers will receive for commodities / producers must pay for inputs

93
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Price or market risk
- uncertainty about the prices producers will receive for commodities or the prices producers must pay for inputs.
- price risk varies ___ from commodity to commodity

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

significantly

94
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Financial risk
- results when the farm business ___ and creates an obligation to ___
- include rising interest rates, the prospect of loans being called by lenders, and restricted credit availability.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

borrows money / repay debt

95
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Financial risk
- results when the farm business borrows money and creates an obligation to repay debt
- include ___, the prospect of ___, and restricted ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

rising interest rates / loans being called by lenders / credit availability

96
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Institutional risk
- uncertainties surrounding ___ actions
- tax laws, regulations for chemical use, rules for animal waste disposal, and the level of price or income support payments.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

government

97
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Institutional risk
- uncertainties surrounding government actions
- ___ laws, regulations for ___, rules for ___, and the level of price or income ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

tax / chemical use / animal waste disposal / support payments

98
Q

Risk in Agriculture

Human or personal risk
- [4]

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/risk-management/risk-in-agriculture/

A

accidents, illness, death, and divorce

99
Q

Organic Agriculture

  • ___ for organically produced goods has shown ___ since the ___, providing ___ for U.S. farmers across a broad range of products.
  • Certified organic cropland acres increased by 79 percent, pastureland/rangeland decreased by 22 percent, and certified operations increased by more than 90 percent over the 2011–21 period.
  • Conventional grocery retailers are the primary outlets for organic food sales, surpassing natural food stores
  • Organic consumers come from all types of consumer demographics
  • Organic price premiums remain high in many markets as the demand for organic products increases

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

Consumer demand / strong growth / 1990s / market incentives

100
Q

Organic Agriculture

  • Consumer demand for organically produced goods has shown strong growth since the 1990s, providing market incentives for U.S. farmers across a broad range of products.
  • Certified organic cropland acres ___ by ___, pastureland/rangeland decreased by 22 percent, and certified operations ___ by more than ___ over the 2011–21 period.
  • Conventional grocery retailers are the primary outlets for organic food sales, surpassing natural food stores
  • Organic consumers come from all types of consumer demographics
  • Organic price premiums remain high in many markets as the demand for organic products increases

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

increased / 79 percent / increased / 90 percent

101
Q

Organic Agriculture

  • Consumer demand for organically produced goods has shown strong growth since the 1990s, providing market incentives for U.S. farmers across a broad range of products.
  • Certified organic cropland acres increased by 79 percent, pastureland/rangeland decreased by 22 percent, and certified operations increased by more than 90 percent over the 2011–21 period.
  • ___ are the primary outlets for organic food sales, surpassing ___
  • Organic consumers come from all types of consumer demographics
  • Organic price premiums remain high in many markets as the demand for organic products increases

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

Conventional grocery retailers / natural food stores

102
Q

Organic Agriculture

  • Consumer demand for organically produced goods has shown strong growth since the 1990s, providing market incentives for U.S. farmers across a broad range of products.
  • Certified organic cropland acres increased by 79 percent, pastureland/rangeland decreased by 22 percent, and certified operations increased by more than 90 percent over the 2011–21 period.
  • Conventional grocery retailers are the primary outlets for organic food sales, surpassing natural food stores
  • Organic consumers come from ___ of consumer demographics
  • Organic price premiums remain high in many markets as the demand for organic products increases

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

all types

103
Q

Organic Agriculture

  • Consumer demand for organically produced goods has shown strong growth since the 1990s, providing market incentives for U.S. farmers across a broad range of products.
  • Certified organic cropland acres increased by 79 percent, pastureland/rangeland decreased by 22 percent, and certified operations increased by more than 90 percent over the 2011–21 period.
  • Conventional grocery retailers are the primary outlets for organic food sales, surpassing natural food stores
  • Organic consumers come from all types of consumer demographics
  • Organic price premiums remain ___ in many markets as the demand for organic products ___

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

high / increases

104
Q

Organic Agriculture

Farm to Plate: U.S. Organic Markets in 2021
- ___ for organically-produced foods has ___ in U.S. organic production
- past decade, U.S. organic retails sales increased by an average of 8 percent per year
- In 2021, organic retail sales were estimated to be more than $52 billion, about 5.5 percent of all retail food sales
- Imports also are helping to meet consumer demand

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

consumer demand / driven an expansion

105
Q

Organic Agriculture

Farm to Plate: U.S. Organic Markets in 2021
- consumer demand for organically-produced foods has driven an expansion in U.S. organic production
- past decade, U.S. organic retails sales increased by an average of ___ per year
- In 2021, organic retail sales were estimated to be more than $52 billion, about 5.5 percent of all retail food sales
- Imports also are helping to meet consumer demand

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

8 percent

106
Q

Organic Agriculture

Farm to Plate: U.S. Organic Markets in 2021
- consumer demand for organically-produced foods has driven an expansion in U.S. organic production
- past decade, U.S. organic retails sales increased by an average of 8 percent per year
- In 2021, organic retail sales were estimated to be more than ___, about ___ of all retail food sales
- Imports also are helping to meet consumer demand

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

$52 billion / 5.5 percent

107
Q

Organic Agriculture

Farm to Plate: U.S. Organic Markets in 2021
- consumer demand for organically-produced foods has driven an expansion in U.S. organic production
- past decade, U.S. organic retails sales increased by an average of 8 percent per year
- In 2021, organic retail sales were estimated to be more than $52 billion, about 5.5 percent of all retail food sales
- ___ also are helping to meet consumer demand

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

Imports

108
Q

Organic Agriculture

Sales Increase in All Organic Food Categories
- Sales of ___ have been the top category of organically-grown food since the organic food industry started retailing products (___)
- then dairy and eggs (13 percent), beverages (12 percent), packaged/prepared foods (11 percent), bread/grains (9 percent), snack foods (6 percent), condiments (5 percent), and meat/fish/poultry (4 percent)
- Compared to conventional growers, organic growers are more likely to sell their products through direct markets with 18 percent of certified organic farms selling at least a portion of their products directly to consumers.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

fresh fruits and vegetables / 40 percent

109
Q

Organic Agriculture

Sales Increase in All Organic Food Categories
- Sales of fresh fruits and vegetables have been the top category of organically-grown food since the organic food industry started retailing products (40 percent)
- then ___, ___, ___, ____, ____, ___, and ___
- Compared to conventional growers, organic growers are more likely to sell their products through direct markets with 18 percent of certified organic farms selling at least a portion of their products directly to consumers.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

dairy and eggs (13 percent) / beverages (12 percent) / packaged/prepared foods (11 percent) / bread/grains (9 percent) / snack foods (6 percent) / condiments (5 percent) / meat/fish/poultry (4 percent)

110
Q

Organic Agriculture

Sales Increase in All Organic Food Categories
- Sales of fresh fruits and vegetables have been the top category of organically-grown food since the organic food industry started retailing products (40 percent)
- then dairy and eggs (13 percent), beverages (12 percent), packaged/prepared foods (11 percent), bread/grains (9 percent), snack foods (6 percent), condiments (5 percent), and meat/fish/poultry (4 percent)
- Compared to conventional growers, organic growers are more likely to sell their products through ___ with ___ of certified organic farms selling at least a portion of their products directly to consumers.

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

direct markets / 18 percent

111
Q

Organic Agriculture

Prices of Organic Products Remain Higher Than Conventional Counterparts
- At the ___, organic products typically receive a price premium over non-organic products (more than ___)
- premiums fluctuated year to year without a clear trend—except for spinach, canned beans, and coffee—which showed a steady decrease in the premium

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

retail level / 20 percent

112
Q

Organic Agriculture

Prices of Organic Products Remain Higher Than Conventional Counterparts
- At the retail level, organic products typically receive a price premium over non-organic products (more than 20 percent)
- premiums fluctuated year to year ___—except for spinach, canned beans, and coffee—which showed a steady ___ in the premium

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

without a clear trend / decrease

113
Q

Organic Agriculture

Production Costs are Higher for Organic Relative to Conventional Products
- On average, U.S. organic farms have ___ production costs than conventional farms
- Although organic price premiums over conventional products at the farm and retail level may give farmers the opportunity to recover the elevated cost of production of farming organically

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

higher

114
Q

Organic Agriculture

Production Costs are Higher for Organic Relative to Conventional Products
- On average, U.S. organic farms have higher production costs than conventional farms
- Although organic price premiums over conventional products at the farm and retail level may give farmers the opportunity to ___ the elevated cost of production of farming organically

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

recover

115
Q

Organic Agriculture

Organic Consumers Are Increasingly Mainstream
- more than ___ of U.S. households purchased organic food in 2016
- Millennials (born between 1981 and 1986/87) are more likely to purchase organic food than older generations
- Consumers may prefer organically produced food because of their views regarding health, the environment, and animal welfare and show a willingness to pay the higher prices

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

80 percent

116
Q

Organic Agriculture

Organic Consumers Are Increasingly Mainstream
- more than 80 percent of U.S. households purchased organic food in 2016
- ___ are more likely to purchase organic food than older generations
- Consumers may prefer organically produced food because of their views regarding health, the environment, and animal welfare and show a willingness to pay the higher prices

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

Millennials (born between 1981 and 1986/87)

117
Q

Organic Agriculture

Organic Consumers Are Increasingly Mainstream
- more than 80 percent of U.S. households purchased organic food in 2016
- Millennials (born between 1981 and 1986/87) are more likely to purchase organic food than older generations
- Consumers may prefer organically produced food because of their views regarding ___, ___, and ___ and show a willingness to pay the higher prices

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

health / the environment / animal welfare

118
Q

Organic Agriculture

Organic Trade Is an Important Outlet for Organic Agriculture
- USDA organic standards: The United States has ___ with Canada, the European Union, Japan, Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom.
- For some organic agricultural categories, demand in the United States has increased at a faster pace than the domestic supply ( organic grains and oilseed crops)

https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

bilateral equivalency arrangements

119
Q

Organic Agriculture

Organic Trade Is an Important Outlet for Organic Agriculture
- USDA organic standards: The United States has bilateral equivalency arrangements with Canada, the European Union, Japan, Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom.
- For some organic agricultural categories, ___ in the United States has increased at a faster pace than the ___ (organic grains and oilseed crops)
https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture.aspx

A

demand / domestic supply

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign: Risks to Crop Production in Agriculture (3 decks)

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