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TEFL > Module 1 - Core Lanuage Theories & Methods > Flashcards

Module 1 - Core Lanuage Theories & Methods Flashcards

1
Q

3 Theories of Language Acquisition

A
  1. Behaviorist - Skinner
    Language is an acquired behavior
  2. Cognitive/Mentalist - Chomsky
    Language is a set of rules to learn
  3. Humanism - Maslow
    Focus on the student
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2
Q

Behaviorist Theory of Language Acquisition

A
  • Imitation
  • Repetition
  • Correction (Positive and Negative Reinforcement)
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3
Q

Cognitive/Mentalist Theory of Language Acquisition

A
  • Hypothesizing
  • Trial and error
  • Creativity
  • Mistakes are positive
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4
Q

Humanism Theory of Language Acquisition

A

Learner needs basic needs met, including self-esteem and self-actualization

  • Learning Types
  • Personalization
  • Personal Goals
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5
Q

What language learning methodologies have been influenced by the Humanism Theory of language acquisition?

A
  • Focus on different learning types
  • Personalization activities
  • Learner- centered learning
  • Fluency over accuracy
  • Fun engaging materials
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6
Q

Example:
Learners analyze sentences using different past tenses and decide why they are used.
(Language acquisition theory)

A

Cognitive/Mentalist
because primarily analysis

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7
Q

Example:
Students listen to a teacher model a sentence and repeat it.

A

Behaviorism
because listen/repeat/imitation
and not analysis

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8
Q

Example:
A teacher chooses a text about football because they know the students will like it.

A

Humanism
because focused on learner interests

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9
Q

Example:
A school decorates its classrooms with colorful murals and posters.

A

Humanism
because promoting student engagement and promoting learning environment

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10
Q

Example:
A teacher praises her student for providing the correct answer.
(Language acquisition theory)

A

Behaviorist
because focus on accuracy

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11
Q

Students speak on a topic, giving their opinion, not worrying about mistakes.
(Language acquisition theory)

A

Cognitive/Mentalist
because mistakes are positive signs of experimentation

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12
Q

Primary Language Learning Models

A
  • Grammar-Translation
  • The Direct Method
  • Audio-Lingual
  • Situational Language Teaching
  • The Communicative Approach
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13
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Grammar-Translation Method

A

Students are poor at practical tasks and have limited speaking skills
But have good passive grammar knowledge and fairly accurate writing skills

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14
Q

Principles of the Direct Method

A
  • Students should be taught in foreign language
  • Strong emphasis on speaking
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15
Q

The Grammar-Translation Method

A
  • Students translate model sentences from first language to second language.
  • Little vocabulary or context.
  • Speaking by reading aloud, little communicative activities.
  • How languages have traditionally been taught.
  • Taught in students first language
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16
Q

The Direct Method Process

A
  • spontaneous use of language encouraged
  • drilling for pronunciation
  • grammar induced from context
  • vocabulary important
17
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Direct Method

A
  • Innovative at time
  • Pillars of speaking and foreign language instruction still used
    _________
  • Still grammatically focused
  • Dialogue and language not applicable/accurate for daily use.
18
Q

The Audio-Lingual Method

A
  • Extension of Direct Method incorporating behaviorist theory of language acquisition
  • Listen, Repeat, and Understand keywords and phrases
  • No reference to grammar
19
Q

Situational Language Teaching

A
  • Introduce language in real-life contexts
  • Meanings of words and phrases deduced from context
  • Based on applied linguistics
  • Uses PPP process:
    Presentation, Practice, Production
  • Listen, Repeat - accuracy over fluency
20
Q

PPP

A

Presentation - Introduction of new teaching item in context
Practice - Controlled practice of the item
Production - A freer practice phase

21
Q

P - Presentation

A

Teacher introduces info for vocab
Teacher asks questions to establish context
Teacher creates model sentence from information

22
Q

P - Practice

A
  • Listen and repeat of the model sentence
  • Pronunciation corrections
  • Teacher analysis of grammar
  • Creation of model answer
  • Repeat model answer
  • Practice model question and answer in pairs with teacher supervision
23
Q

P - Production

A
  • Freer practice
  • Students create personal answers for teacher-led question
  • Practice in pairs or groups
24
Q

Applied Linguistics

A

Scientific disciplines analyzing word frequency, structural complexity, and real-life context.

Provides objectives on what to teach and when

25
Q

Communicative Approach

A
  • alternative to Audio-Lingual and Situational Language Teaching
  • partly based on Cognitive/Mentalist model of language acquisition
  • language is primarily communication tool
  • Language is more than set of structures
  • Language taught based on meaning, topic, and function
26
Q

Principles of Communicative Approach

A
  • Learners learn language by using it
  • Goal of classroom activities is authentic and meaningful communication
  • Fluency is important to communication
  • Communication is more than just speaking
  • Learning is creative process involving trial and error
27
Q

Practical elements of the
Communicative Approach

A
  • Syllabus organized by topic and function
  • Procedures for identifying learner needs and needs analysis
  • Classroom activities as basis of communicative method, group work and task work
28
Q

Method developed to teach oral proficiency to American soldiers?

A

Audio-Lingual Method

29
Q

Language is taught as functions and topics

A

Communicative approach

30
Q

Teaching takes place in students first language?

A

Grammar-Translation Method

31
Q

Fluency is considered more important than accuracy

A

Communicative Approach
(GT isn’t fluency focused, DM and AL are listen and repeat models, SLT has listen and repeat elements in a defined structure)

32
Q

PPP lesson model is used in which method

A

Situational Language Teaching

33
Q

This method placed a radical emphasis on oral proficiency

A

The Direct-Method
(It was a response to the GT Method which was known to produce low oral fluency)

34
Q

Students were required to listen and repeat

A

Audio-Lingual
(It was the most prominent of the listen and repeat methods, even thought DM and SLT used some listen and repeat elements)

35
Q

Identifying learner needs is important

A

The Communicative Approach

TEFL (2 decks)

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