Module 1 - Chapter 1 Flashcards
List the seven types of microorganisms studied in the field of microbiology
Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, viruses, prions, and Helminths
What are the cellular microorganisms we will study?
Bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa
What are the acellular microorgansims we will study?
Viruses and Prions
What are Helminths?
Multicellular animals whose mature form is visible to the naked eye.
What is microbiology?
A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.
What are Eukaryotes?
Cells that contain a nucleus. “Eukary”- means true nucleus.
What are akaryotes?
Cells that do NOT contain a nucleus. Ex: bacteria and archaea
What is evolution?
The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments.
What is a “theory”?
A principle that has undergone years and years of testing and not been disproven
What is one way that microbes impact the earth?
Bacteria invented photosynthesis long before the first plants appeared (anoxygenic photosynthesis), which later evolved into oxygenic. - Produced oxygen and more efficient in extracting energy from the sun.
What is an empirical finding?
When humans figure something out through
What does it mean if something is caused by microbes?
Infectious and may be communicable
What does it mean if something is NOT caused by microbes?
Noninfectious and noncommunicable
Who is the father of microbiology?
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek
What is the scientific method?
A general approach taken by researchers to explain certain natural phenomena. Its primary aim is to form a hypothesis to explain what is measured or observed.
What is deductive reasoning?
Making individual decisions by using broadly accepted general principles as a guide.
What is inductive reasoning?
The process of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific cases.
What did John Tyndall do?
An English physicist that provided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that something stronger than boiling is required to destroy them.
Whose studies clearly linked a microscopic organism with a specific disease?
Robert Koch
What did Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes observe?
Mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than did mothers who gave birth in the hospital.
What did Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis do?
Clearly showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room without washing their hands.
Who was the first to introduce aseptic techniques?
The English surgeon Joseph Lister.
What did Louis Pasteur do?
He invented pasteurization and completed some of the first studies showing that huyman diseases could arise from infection.
What are “Koch’s postulates”?
A series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it caused.
What is taxonomy?
The science of classifying living beings into categories. Originated form Carl Von Linne
What is the proper nomenclature of a microorganism?
The scientific name is always a combination of the genus name followed by the species name. The genus name is capitalized, and the species part beings with a lowercase letter. Both should be italicized (or underlined if using handwriting).
List the 8 Taxonomic categories from top to bottom
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum (or division), class, order, family, genus, and species
What is the scheme that represents the natural relatedness (relation by descent) between groups of living things?
Phylogeny - Which is used to determine taxonomy
What are the 3 major taxonomic domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Which of the following is an acellular microorganism lacking a nucleus?
a. bacterium
b. helminth
c. protozoan
d. virus
Which of the following is a microorganism that contains organelles?
a. prion
b. bacterium
c. fungus
d. virus
Identify the process or environment in this list that is not affected by microorganisms.
a. oxygen cycles
b. recycling of dead organisms
c. human health
d. all of the above have microbial involvement
Which of these organisms do not contain DNA?
a. helminths
b. fungi
c. bacteria
d. prions
Microbes are found in which habitat?
a. human body
b. earth’s crust
c. oceans
d. all of the above
Which of the following processes can be the result of human manipulation of microbial genes?
a. the central dogma
b. natural selection
c. bioremediation
d. abiogenesis
When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered
a. a law
b. a speculation
c. a theory
d. proven
