Module: 1 Ch 1, 2 Flashcards
Module: 1 Ch 1, 2
mechanism of action
how a drug produces its physiologic effect in the body. Describes what it does in the body.
Ex: calcium channel blockers block heart calcium channels (lower BP)
Which schedule of drugs have the highest potential for abuse?
schedule I
ex) heroin
generic name
official name of drug, more scientific
trade name
brand name, what it is more commonly called in the store. Contains a capital letter, and can be out there for 17 years without any competition.
schedule I drugs
highest potential for abuse, high physical and psychological dependence. no therapeutic uses.
ex) heroin, GHB, peyote, mathcathinone
schedule III drugs
moderate level for abuse, moderate physical dependence. used therapeutically with prescription.
ex) less than 15 mg of hydrocodone per dosage unit. anabolic steroids, codeine
schedule II drugs
high level for abuse, high physical and psychological dependence, used for therapeutically with prescription.
ex) oxycodone, amphetamine, methamphetamine, morphine
When did the practice of modern pharmacology start, and how were drugs tested in the early 1800s?
it was said to start in the early 1800s. drugs were tested on animal models, and sometimes even humans. the scientist would try the drug out on himself and colleagues. morphine was among those drugs tested.
If you were asked why students need to have a solid foundation in anatomy, physiology, and microbiology to understand pharmacology, what would you say?
There are so many different categories and levels in which pharmacology is relevant. Some aspects/ levels include blood, brain, phycological, and cellular.
schedule IV drugs
low potential for abuse, low physical dependence. used for therapeutics with prescription
ex) alprazolam, tramadol, midazolam
schedule V drugs
lowest potential for abuse and dependence. can be used therapeutically without a prescription.
ex) no more than 200 mg of codeine per 100 mL
what does pharmacology mean?
The study of medicine. (How drugs are administered, how they travel in the body)
What is the primary difference between pharmacology and therapeutics? Which one prevents disease, and which one treats suffering?
Pharmacology is the study of medicine and how it affects the body. what it does in the body
Therapeutics is what it alleviates
What is the difference between biologics, and complementary therapies?
biologics- something produced naturally in the body that is used to protect itself. ex) hormones, antibodies
complementary therapies are natural things on earth before medicine was invented ex) herbs, minerals
what are some examples of complementary therapy medications?
herbs, massages, acupuncture, vitamins
Differentiate between therapeutic classification and pharmacological classification
therapeutic classification: the drug’s usefulness in the body. what it is doing.
pharmacological classification: what it is doing at the cellular level. more specific and requires deeper knowledge.
ex) lisinopril lowers BP (therapeutic) what it does at a cellular level to lower BP (pharmacological)
differentiate between chemical name, generic name and trade name.
chemical name: what it is made of ((7- chloro-1, 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5 phenyl-2H-1, 4- benzodiazepine-2-one)
trade name: ex: Advil
generic name: ibuprofen
can trade name drugs have more than one name?
yes they can. ex) Advil, Motrin
can generic name drugs have more than one name?
No! there is only one name!
ex) ibuprofen
what is a prototype drug?
it models another drug that is similar in function.
Ex) ACE inhibitors
what is a combination drug?
drugs that come with two different drugs in them.
what is an OTC drug?
over the counter drug which means anyone can get them and they don’t need a prescription.
what is bioavailability?
the amount of substance that could potentially get absorbed in your body. your body must be able to absorb it for it to produce an effect on the body.
Ex) vitamin C tablet vs vitamin C from an orange. our bodies can absorb more from the orange than from the tablet!
the higher the bioavailability, the more a drug gets absorbed into bloodstream and works in your body effectively
what is a prescription drug?
a drug you need a doctors note or note from your medical care team in order to get that med
Why a patient might seek treatment from an OTC drug instead of a more effective prescription drug?
OTC drugs are easier to obtain. You can ‘self diagnose’ versus having to get a doctor’s note before you can get the meds.
OTC drugs are usually cheaper too
A generic-equivalent drug may be legally substituted for a trade-name medication unless the medication is on a negative formulary or requested by the prescriber or patient. What advantages does this substitution have for the patient? What disadvantages might be caused by the switch?
Advil to ibuprofen.
Advil is going to be more expensive so switching to the generic name can save them money.
More insurances also cover generic brands.
Disadvantages: perceived effectiveness might be less for the generic brand versus trade brand.
what are biosimilar drugs?
a drug that is very similar to another drug that is already out there.
why are drug regulations important?
needs to go through a lot of scanning and make sure they are safe, good quality, and protect the public from potentially harmful drugs
what is the role of the FDA?
Regulate the safety of medical drugs and devices. They approve new drugs and watch for adverse effects, kinda watch it all happen and assess what they observe. They make sure drugs are safe!
what are black box warnings?
Black box warnings mean there are serious or adverse problems that could occur. High risk medications
Are herbal products and dietary supplements regulated by the FDA? Do they face the same scrutiny as other drugs?
They are loosely regulated by the FDA but do not get the same screening or scrutiny as other drugs. A lot of these supplements can be released without approval from the FDA- which is why you have to be careful when choosing those products.
explain what happens in each phases during drug approval
Preclinical: lab studies take place
Clinical: human trials come into place, men are usually the ones in the studies
Review of the FDA: they review the data for if the drug is safe for its intended use
Postmarketing surveillance: continuous monitoring of this drug and how it affects people
how long does it take for a drug to get approved?
11 years
What is the difference between addiction and dependence?
Dependence: a physiologic or psychologic need for a substance. Without the substance, you will have withdrawals, or discomfort, from lacking the substance. When your body is dependent, and body is affected from the lack of that drug in your body. Ex: alcohol
Addiction: a psychological condition characterized by a compulsive desire to use a drug more and more regardless of the harmful consequences.
What happens when a patient stops taking an addictive drug?
muscle tremors, intense cravings
(note: Muscle tremors can occur after a patient stops taking a medication.)
provide examples of schedule I drugs
heroin, LSD, methcathione, peyote
provide examples of schedule II drugs
morphine, oxycodone, methamphetamine
provide examples of schedule III drugs
ketamine, steroids
combination products: less than 15mg of hydrocodone
other: no more than 90mg of codeine per dosage unit
provide examples of schedule IV drugs
alprazolam, clorazepate, tramadol
provide examples of schedule V drugs
codeine
no more than 200 mg of iodine per 100mL or 100g
Which schedule of drugs does not allow for a continuous refill?
Schedule II. Ex: adoral (ADHD meds)
Can you call a pharmacy and give a telephone order for a refill for a Schedule I drug?
No- you must visit your healthcare provider first.
For Schedule I drugs, is there any therapeutic use for them?
Very limited, if any.
what is meant by teratogenic risk?
if there is going to be a risk to a fetus
(NEVER GIVE TO A PREGNANT WOMAN!)
Describe the teratogenic risk categories. Know the different categories
A- no risk to the fetus (very FEW drugs are no risk)
B- no evidence of risk in humans, but in animal studies there could be a risk
C- the risk cannot be ruled out, there haven’t been well documented and controlled studies in humans (most of the time, they can be given to pregnant women)
D- positive evidence for human or fetal risk
X- definitely a risk to the fetus, there will be a risk to the fetus
What is the agency that restricts use for Schedule drugs?
DEA- (Drug Enforcement Administration)
They restrict and moderate drug use of the schedules.
Why are certain drugs placed in schedules? What does the nurse need to know when the scheduled drug is ordered?
The schedules help nurses and others know how easily or potentially a drug can be abused and addicted to. Schedule I is the most abused (heroin) and schedule V is the least abused or least to worry about.
what is a drug?
a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses within the body. can be desirable or undesirable
what is a medication?
once a drug is administered, it is now a medication
what are CAM therapies?
(Complementary and alternative medicine)
they complement other treatments to enhance the outcome
Ex) acupuncture, yoga, massage, herbs
define therapeutics
the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering
define pharmacotherapy
application of drugs for treating disease and alleviate human suffering
pharmacoeconomics
issues dealing with the cost of medicine
