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Physiology Module 1 > Module 1: Cell Transport and Signaling > Flashcards

Module 1: Cell Transport and Signaling Flashcards

0
Q

Carrier-mediated: Active vs Passive

A

Yes; Yes or No

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1
Q

Concentration gradient: Active vs Passive

A

Uphill; Downhill

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2
Q

Energy expenditure: Active vs Passive

A

Yes; No

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3
Q

Types of Passive Transport

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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4
Q

Simple movement through the membrane, caused by the random motion or kinetic movement of the molecules

A

Diffusion

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5
Q

Kinetic movement of molecules or ions via membrane opening or or intermolecular spaces

A

Simple diffusion

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6
Q

T or F: Simple diffusion uses carrier proteins.

A

F

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7
Q

Rate of diffusion is determined by:

A

Amount of substance
Velocity of kinetic motion
Number and sizes of openings

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8
Q

Simple diffusion is governed by what law?

A

Fick’s Law

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9
Q

Law that predicts the rate of diffusion of molecules across a biological membrane

A

Fick’s Law

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10
Q

T or F: Diffusion is SLOW at higher concentration gradient.

A

F, FAST

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11
Q

T or F: Diffusion is FAST at higher permeability.

A

T

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12
Q

T or F: Diffusion is SLOW at higher areas for diffusion.

A

F, FAST

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13
Q

T or F: Diffusion is SLOW when diffusing membrane is thicker.

A

T

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14
Q

Paths of simple diffusion

A

Via interstices of lipid bilayer if diffusing substance is lipid soluble
Through water channels

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15
Q

T or F: Protein pores
A. Always open
B. Non selective with size and charge

A

A. T

B. F, selective

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16
Q

Molecular conformation of of the gate or its chemical bonds responds to the electrical potential across the cell membrane

A

Voltage-gated channels

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17
Q

These channels are opened by a chemical substance with the protein

A

Ligand-gated channels

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18
Q

Ligand-gated channels are also called

A

Chemical gating

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19
Q

T or F: Facilitated diffusion requires carrier protein.

A

T

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20
Q

T or F: Facilitated diffusion also follows Fick’s Law.

A

F, does not follow

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21
Q

T or F: Rate at which molecules can be transported via facilitated diffusion cannot exceed the rate at which carrier protein molecule can undergo change back and forth between its two state

A

T

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22
Q

Acetylcholine channel is an example of?

A

Ligand-gated channels

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23
Q

Na and K channels are of what type?

A

Voltage-gated channels

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24
Q

Factors that affect net diffusion

A

Net diffusion
Concentration
Charge
Energy

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25
Q

The process of net movement of water through a selective membrane caused by a concentration

A

Osmosis

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26
Q

A _______ undergoes osmosis from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

A

Solvent (water)

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27
Q

A solute undergoes ________ from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration.

A

Diffusion

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28
Q

Homogenous mixture composed of two or more substances

A

Solution

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29
Q

Substance dissolved

A

Solute

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30
Q

Substance that dissolves the solute

A

Solvent

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31
Q

Concentration of all osmotically active particles (osmoles) per liter of solution (osmol/L)

A

OsmolaRity

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32
Q

OsmolaRity is a colligative property that can be measured by

A

Freezing point depression

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33
Q

Concentration of all osmotically active particles (osmoles) per kilogram of solvent (osmol/kg)

A

Osmolality

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34
Q

Determines osmotic pressure between solutions

A

Osmolality

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35
Q

Two solutions that have the same osmolarity

A

Isosmotic

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36
Q

Solution with the higher osmolarity

A

Hyperosmotic

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37
Q

Solution with the lower osmolarity

A

Hyposmotic

38
Q

The exact amount of pressure required to stop osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

39
Q

Osmotic pressure is calculated using

A

Van’t Hoff’s Law or Morse Law

40
Q

T or F: Osmotic pressure is HIGHER with higher osmolality

A

T

41
Q

T or F: Osmotic pressure is LOWER at higher temperature.

A

F, HIGHER

42
Q

T or F: The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution, the greater the tendency for water to flow into the solution.

A

T

43
Q

Measure of the osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by a semi permeable membrane

A

Tonicity

44
Q

T or F: Tonicity is influenced by solutes that can cross the membrane.

A

F, cannot cross

45
Q

T or F: Osmolarity is not the same as Tonicity.

A

T

46
Q

______ accounts for all solutes while, _______ accounts for only non-permeating solutes.

A

Osmolarity; Tonicity

47
Q

Isosmotic volume expansion (eg. Isotonic NaCl infusion)

A

Gain of water and Na in the ECF, no change in ECF osmolarity, inc ECF volume, no change in ICF volume

48
Q

Isosmotic volume contraction (eg. Diarrhea)

A

Loss of water and Na in the ECF, No change in ECF osmolarity, dec ECF volume, No change in ICF volume

49
Q

Hyperosmotic volume expansion (eg. High NaCl intake, Conn’s)

A

Gain of Na in the ECF, Inc ECF osmolarity, Inc ECF volume, Dec ICF volume

50
Q

Hyperosmotic volume contraction (eg. Sweating, fever, DI)

A

Loss of water in the ECF, Inc ECF osmolarity, Dec ECF volume, Dec ICF volume

51
Q

Hypoosmotic volume expansion (eg. SIADH)

A

Gain of water in the ECF, Dec ECF osmolarity, Inc ECF volume, Inc ICF volume

52
Q

Hypoosmotic volume contraction (eg. Adrenal insufficiency, Diuretics overuse)

A

Loss of Na in the ECF, Dec ECF osmolarity, Dec ECF volume, Inc ICF volume

53
Q

Types of vehicular transport

A

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

54
Q

Secretory vehicles fuse with cell membrane, extruding their contents outside the cell

A

Exocytosis

55
Q

Molecules are absorbed and internalized by coating with membrane phospholipids forming a vesicle that detaches form cell membrane

A

Endocytosis

56
Q

Calcium-dependent: Exocytosis or Endocytosis

A

Exocytosis

57
Q

Cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

58
Q

T or F: Pinocytosis does not require ATP and calcium in the ECF.

A

F, requires

59
Q

Cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

60
Q

Events in phagocytosis

A

Contact..
Invagination..
Pinching off..
Vacuole formation

61
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis

62
Q

Transport of glucose, amino acids, and other polar molecules through the cell membrand

A

Carrier-mediated Transport

63
Q

Characteristics of Carrier-mediated Transport

A

Stereospecificity
Saturation
Competition

64
Q

Types of Active Transport

A

Primary Active Transport

Secondary Active Transport

65
Q

Occurs UPHILL against an electrochemical gradient, requires direct input of metabolic energy, carrier-mediated transport

A

Primary Active Transport

66
Q

Give examples of Primary Active Transport

A

Na/K-ATPase in virtually all cells
Ca-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum
H/K-ATPase in parietal cells of stomach
H-ATPase in intercalated cells of kidneys

67
Q

Transport of Na from ICF to ECF and K from ECF to ICF against electrochemical gradient

A

Na/K-ATPase

68
Q

Usual stoichiometry in Na/K-ATPase

A

3 Na/2 K

69
Q

Transport of two or more solutes is coupled

A

Secondary Active Transport

70
Q

T or F: One of the solutes (usually Na) is transported UPHILL and provides energy for the DOWNHILL transport of other solutes

A

F, DOWNHILL; UPHILL

71
Q

Types of Secondary Active Transport

A

Co-transport

Countertransport

72
Q

Co-transport is also called

A

Symport

73
Q

Occurs if the solutes move in the same direction across the cell membrane

A

Co-transport

74
Q

Examples of co-transport

A

Na glucose co-transport in the intestines
Na/K/2Cl co-transport in loop of Henle
Na/Cl co-transport in distal convoluted tubule

75
Q

Also called exchange transport or antiport

A

Countertransport

76
Q

Occurs if the solutes move in opposite directions across the cell membrane

A

Countertransport

77
Q

Examples of countertransport

A

Na-Ca countertransport in virtually all cells

Na/H countertransport in proximal tubule

78
Q

Signaling molecules

A 
Peptides and proteins
Catecholamines
Steroid hormones
Iodothyronines
Eicosanoids
79
Q

Mechanisms of cellular communication

A 
Endocrine
Neurocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Juxtacrine
80
Q

Transport of hormones along the bloodstream to a distant target organ

A

Endocrine Signaling

81
Q

Transport of neuro-transmitters from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell

A

Neurocrine Signaling

82
Q

Release and diffusion of local hormones with regulatory action on neighboring target cells

A

Paracrine Signaling

83
Q

A cell secretes hormones or chemical messengers that bind to the same cell

A

Autocrine Signaling

84
Q

Contact-dependent signaling

A

Juxtacrine Signaling

85
Q

Types of receptors

A

Signal transducers
Membrane receptors
Nuclear receptors

86
Q

Plasma membrane receptors

A

Ion-channel linked
G-protein coupled receptors
Catalytic receptors
Transmembrane receptors

87
Q

Types of signal transduction pathways

A

G proteins
Ion channels
Protein kinases

88
Q

Mediate direct and rapid synaptic signaling between electrically excitable cells

A

Ion-channel linked signal transduction pathways

89
Q

Heterotimeric complexes - alpha, beta, gamma subunits

A

G protein-coupled signal transduction pathways

90
Q

Active or Inactive: GTP with alpha subunit, activation via guanine nucleotide exchange factors

A

Active

91
Q

Active or Inactive: GDP, inactivation via GTPase-accelerating proteins and RGS proteins

A

Inactive

92
Q

An enzyme that modifies other proteins by phosphorylation

A

Kinase

Physiology Module 1 (4 decks)

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