Module 1: Carbohydrates I Part 1

Question 1

Anabolism

Answer 1

Building up

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

Breaking down

Question 3

Hormones for Anabolism

Answer 3

• Insulin
• Sex Steroids
• Thyroxine & GH (protein)

Question 4

Hormones for Catabolism

Answer 4

• Glucagon
• Epinephrine
• Glucocorticoids
• Thyroxine & GH (fat & carbs)

Question 5

What is the metabolic hub?

Answer 5

Acetyle Coenzyme A (Acetyle CoA)

Question 6

Stages of Metabolism

Answer 6

1. Digestion & Hydrolysis
2. Degradation
3. Oxidation

Question 7

Stages of Metabolism: 1. Digestion & Hydrolysis

Answer 7

Break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream

Question 8

Stages of Metabolism: 2. Degradation

Answer 8

Further breaking & some oxidation of molecules to 2- & 3- carbon compounds

Question 9

Stages of Metabolism: 3. Oxidation

Answer 9

Oxidation of small molecules to CO2 & H2O in the citric acid cycle and electron transport provides energy for ATP synthesis

Question 10

Monosaccharides

Answer 10

• Simple sugars with multiple OH groups
• Based on number of carbons (3, 4, 5, 6)
• Can be a triose, tetrose, pentose or hexose

Question 11

Disaccharides

Answer 11

2 monosaccharides covalently linked

Question 12

Oligosaccharides

Answer 12

2-10 monosaccharides covalently

linked

Question 13

Polysaccharides

Answer 13

polymers consisting of chains of

> 10 monosaccharides or > 5 disaccharide units

Question 14

Stachyose

Answer 14

• A constituent of many plants: white jasmine, yellow lupine, soybeans, lentils
• Causes flatulence because humans cannot digest it

Question 15

Beano

Answer 15

• Contains enzyme alphagalactosidase

- Alphagalactosidase that breaks down oligosaccharides such as stachyose and raffinose

Question 16

Dextrantriose

Answer 16

A constituent of sake’ and honeydew

Question 17

Glycemic Index

Answer 17

• How quickly carbohydrates enter the blood stream after intake
• Proteins and fats are not on the glycemic index
• Carbohydrates are chosen 1st for breakdown and metabolism over proteins and fats

Question 18

Glycemic Load

Answer 18

• How much insulin would need to be released by the pancreas into the blood stream to allow tissues to absorb that specific amount of that specific carbohydrate and reduce blood sugar levels effectively
• BOTH the quality and quantity of the carbohydrate amount in 1 number

Question 19

What are the ranges of scores for glycemic index?

Answer 19

• Low: 0-55
• Moderate 56-69
• High 70-100

Question 20

Glycemic Load Equation

Answer 20

                           100

Question 21

Blood glucose - exercising muscle (fed or starved)

Answer 21

– Low G6P (being used in glycolysis)
– No inhibition of HK
– High glycolysis from glycogen or blood glucose

Question 22

Blood sugar in liver - feeding

Answer 22

– Blood glucose concentration high
– GLUT-2 taking up glucose
– Glucokinase induced by insulin
– High cell glucose allows GK to phosphorylate glucose for use by liver

Question 23

Blood sugar in liver - post-absorptive state

Answer 23

– Blood & cell glucose low
– GLUT-2 not taking up glucose
– Glucokinase not phosphorylating glucose
– Liver not utilizing glucose during post-absorptive state

Question 24

Blood sugar in liver - starvation

Answer 24

– Blood & cell glucose concentration low
– GLUT-2 not taking up glucose
– GK synthesis repressed
– Glucose not used by liver during starvation

Question 25

Blood sugar in muscles - feeding and at rest

Answer 25

– High blood glucose, high insulin
– GLUT-4 taking up glucose
– HK phosphorylating glucose
– If glycogen stores are filled, high G6P inhibits HK, decreasing glucose utilization

Question 26

Blood sugar in muscles - starving and at rest

Answer 26

– Low blood glucose, low insulin
– GLUT-4 activity low
– HK constitutive
– If glycogen stores are filled, high G6P inhibits HK, decreasing glucose utilization

Question 27

How does low blood sugar affect adipose?

Answer 27

– Stimulates lipolysis and release of fatty acids