module 1 botany Flashcards
Plant Biology
It focus on the morphology, anatomy, physiology and ecology of plants.
Botany
Biological levels of organization
MOCTOOPCEB
Photosynthesis
Anabolism
Cellular Respiration
Catabolism
Two most important energy related activities in the living world
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
are any chemical / physical
changes in their environment that
creates response.
Stimuli
Increase in the number of cells and an increase in the size of cells.
Plants grow and develop
Life cycle = immature (juvenile) stage to mature (adult) stage until to its death
Development
the formation of a new individual by sexual or asexual means.
Reproduction
enables an organism to perpetuate its traits beyond an individual’s own death.
Reproduction
what are the six kingdoms
Archaea, Bacteria, Protista (protozoa, algae, water molds, and slime molds), Fungi (molds and yeasts), Animalia, and Plantae.
3 unicellular
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista
4 eukaryotes
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
basta naay chitin
fungi
Taxonomic Hierarchy
KDCOFGS
Biological Classification
Carolous Linnaeus
Linnean System
Binomial System
Scientific Method
MCTD
is a key component of the scientific method.
Critical thinking
is very tentative; it can be easily changed
hypothesis
aren’t likely to change.
Theories
is a relationship that exists between variables in a group of data.
Laws
area of study or concern
field
chemical interactions within plants
plant biochemistry
Structure functions and life processes of plant cells
plant cell biology
microscopic plant structure
plant anatomy
plant functions and processes such as photosynthesis and mineral nutrition
plant physiology
structures of plant parts such as leaves
plant morphology
plant heredity and variation make up
plant genetics
interrelationships among plants
plant ecology
evolutionary relationships among plant groups
plant systematics
a subdiscipline among systematics deals with the description naming and classification of plants
plant taxonomy
evolution of plants in the geologic past
paleobotany
algae
phycology
bryology
mosses
ferns and allies
pteridology
field crops and soils
agronomy
ornamental plants and fruit and vegetable crops
horticuture
forest conservation and forest products
forestry
plants with commercial importance
economic botany
From simple bacteria which gradually increased in complexity through evolution by natural selection by million of years.
Evolution of Vascular and Seed Plants
New features come about periodically
mutations
determines which new features are eliminated and which are passed on to future generations.
natural selection
what are the general characteristics of plants
Plants are highly organized.
Plants take in and use energy.
Plants respond to stimuli
Plants grow and develop
Plants reproduce
Origin of Plant from Aquatic Ancestors:
Charophytes Bryophytes
Formation of cuticle and jacketed gametangia.
Charophytes Bryophytes
Diversification of Vascular Plants:
Bryophytes Pteridophytes
Development of plants with lignin-hardened vascular tissues
Bryophytes Pteridophytes
Evolution of Seed
Pteridophytes Gymnosperms
Formation of seeds to protect the embryo from desiccation and other hazards
Pteridophytes Gymnosperms
Evolution of Flowering Plants::
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
life cycle in which an organism has both haploid and diploid multicellular stages (n represents the number of copies of chromosomes)
Alternation of Generations
seedless non-vascular plants
Bryophytes
Gametophyte-dominated life cycle
Bryophytes
seedless vascular plants
Pteridophytes
Both haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations are independent and free-living
Pteridophytes
Sporophyte is larger than the gametophyte
Pteridophytes
Naked seed, Vascular Plant
Gymnosperm
Dominant diploid sporophyte generation
Gymnosperm
do not have flowers, have “naked” seeds, and do not have double fertilization
Gymnosperm
Microspores (pollen grains)
male gametophytes
megaspores, (ovule)
female gametophytes
Dominant diploid sporophyte generation
Heterosporous
Angiosperm
function photosynthesis
shoot
function transport of food and water
shoot and root system
function reproduction
shoot and root system
function storage
shoot
function anchorage
root system
function absorption of water and minerals
root system
causes primary growth length of plant
Apical Meristems
occurs at tips of shoot and root
Apical Meristems
produces new leaves and flowers
Apical Meristems
causes secondary growth widening of plants
Lateral Meristems
occurs at the cambium
Lateral Meristems
produces bark on trees
Lateral Meristems
General Plan Organization
Shoot system
Above ground
Leaves, buds, stems, flowers and fruits
rootlike structure
rhizoids
carry out rooting functions in the gametophytes
rhizoids
water transport and adhesion to surfaces in some mosses and liverworts.
rhizoids
a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte
protonema
is produced from the spores and gives rise to new plants.
protonema
a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage of a bryophyte life cycle.
protonema
helps in the formation of number of moss plants
protonema
initiates the accumulation of hormones that influence the further growth of newly formed cells.
protonema
one of the two alternating multicellular phases in the life cycles of plants and algae
gametophyte
a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes
gametophyte
is the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae.
gametophyte
produce haploid gametes.
gametophyte
produces sex cells in plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations.
gametophyte
contain one complete chromosome set
Haploid
contain two complete sets
diploid
the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga
sporophyte
It develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm
sporophyte
the nonsexual phase (or an individual representing the phase) in the alternation of generations
sporophyte
primary purpose is to produce spores.
sporophyte
undergo meiosis
sporophyte
undergo mitosis
gametophytes
the female reproductive organ in ferns and mosses
archegonia
The female gametangium, a haploid structure that produces female gametes or eggs.
archegonia
The male sex organ, the antheridium, is a saclike structure made up of a jacket of sterile cells one cell thick; it encloses many cells, each of which, when mature, produces one sperm.
antheridia
produces and stores numerous sperm cells
antheridia
a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell.
spore
is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival
spore
the stalk supporting the capsule of a moss or liverwort and supplying it with nutrients.
seta
a slender usually rigid or bristly and springy organ or part of an animal or plant.
seta
a dehiscent fruit which, at maturity, split apart (dehisce) to release the seeds within
capsule
female gametes are called
eggs
male gametes are called
sperms
the gametophyte of ferns and other primitive plants.
heart shaped
prothallus
is the gametophyte of the plant that is they are responsible for producing the gametes which are the male and female sex cells of the plants
prothallus
brownish or yellowish cluster of spore-producing structures (sporangia) usually located on the lower surface of fern leaves.
sorus
fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).
zygote
the cell formed when two gametes fuse during fertilization.
zygote
one of the young coiled fronds of some ferns (such as the ostrich fern) that are often cooked and eaten as a vegetable Before the tightly coiled frond of the young fern uncurls
fiddlehead
the stage of development of a fern when the fronds are coiled
fiddlehead
a seed-bearing organ on gymnosperm plants. It is usually woody, ovoid to globular
female cone
seed cone
is to keep a pine tree’s seeds safe
seed cone
male cone
pollen cones
the male fruiting body of a pine tree.
pollen cones
are usually much smaller and less conspicuous, tend to whither up and die after releasing their pollen
pollen cones
are sporangia that produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes when they germinate.
microsporangia
occur in all vascular plants that have heterosporic life cycles, such as seed plants, spike mosses and the aquatic fern genus Azolla
microsporangia
produce microspores, which develop into pollen grains
microsporangia
the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed:
megasporangium
nag bare lang jud sa male gametes or sperm
antheridia
is the structure of a plant body which contains female reproductive organ . It can be called ovule
megasporangium
