module 1 and 2 zool Flashcards
defined as the scientific study of animal life, builds on centuries of human observations of the animal world. It encompasses all aspects of scientific knowledge about animals, like embryonic development, evolution, behavior, ecological distribution, and classification.
Zoology
study of organism based on its form, shape, structure as a whole
Morphology
the study of tissue
histology
study of organism based on dissection
anatomy
study of the performance of complex metabolic functions
physiology
science of the origin and development of the organism from fertilization of the oocyte to all subsequent states up to birth
embryology
the study of heredity and variation
genetics
concerned with interrelationships among living organisms, encompassing the relations of organisms to each other, to the environment, and to the energy balance within a given ecosystem.
ecology
study of classification and nomenclature of the organism
taxonomy
The science in dealing of life in prehistoric times as revealed by the fossils
paleontology
refers to the distribution of organism on space or earth surface
Biogeography / Zoogeography
the study of animal behavior
ethology
refers to change over long periods of time
evolution
genesis means
origin
embryo mean
swell
ana means
separate
tomy means
cut
study of protozoans
protozoology
study of fishes
ichthyology
study of birds
ornithology
study of soft bodied organism
malacology
study of man
anthropology
the study of parasites
parasitology
study of shell
conchology
study of reptiles and amphibians
herpetology
study of worms
helminthology
study of microorganism –organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye
microbiology
study of insects
enthomology
study of fungi
mycology
study of muscles
myology
study of cell structure and function
cytology
a state of existence characterized by the total of bodily activities or function of an organism. This includes metabolism, growth, reproduction, adaptation and response to the stimuli
life
An arrangement of distinct but mutually dependent parts
organization
The sum of all chemical and physical changes occurring in the body ofanindividual
metabolism
Theincreaseinsizeornumberoflivingbeingoranyofitspartsoccurringintheprocessofdevelopment.
growth
Theabilityoftheorganismproduceoffspringofthesamekind
reproduction
Theactorprocessofnaturalprogressioninphysicalandpsychologicalmaturationfromembryonicstatetoacomplexadultstage.
development
Monitors or react to changes in the body; the ability of the organism to respond to the stimulus
irritability
a factor in the environment which can elicit response of an organism.
stimuli
maintainsstableinternalcondition.
homeostasis
Anadvantageouschangeofanorganism(structure,function,behavior)toenhancetheabilitytosurviveintheenvironment
adaptation
Acontinuingprocessofchangefromonestate,condition.Thischangeoccursthroughtime.
evolution
Changesofstructuretospecializedone
differentation
Harmoniousfunctionofinterrelatedstructures
coordination
Controloftherateofprocess
regulation
Mechanical,chemical,enzymaticprocesstoconvertcomplexfoodsubstance
digestion
Processofeliminatingwasteproduct.
Excretion
Levels of Organization of Living Organism
amcctosopebb
when was On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection published
1859
is a hallmark oflife.
diversity
explore life across its great diversityofspecies
biologist
Organisms were first classifiedmore than 2,000 years ago by the Greek philosopher
aristotle
Establishingaunifiedway ofnamingorganisms through
binomial nomenclature
▪Single celled prokaryotes thatlacks nucleus
▪Membranes are composed of glycerol-ether lipids and cellwall lackspeptidoglycan
▪Differ from the bacteria in their genetic transcription and translation, the central processes ofmolecular biology
DOMAIN ARCHAEA(PRIMITIVE)
─Unicellular organisms that liveinextremely harshconditions
─Can be divided into threemajorgroupings:
─Methanogens(methane-maker)
─Halophiles (Saltlovers)
─Extreme thermophiles(Heatlovers)
Kingdom Archaebacteria
▪Lack of membrane-boundnucleus
▪Containsmallerpiecesof circular DNA calledplasmids
▪In unfavorable living conditions,somecanformdehydrated,inactivecells calledendosporesbutcan be reactivated when conditionsimprove.
▪Mostreproduce asexually through binary fission, a process in which chromosome is continually replicated after which the cellsdivide
▪Some sexually by conjugation, a process of exchanging genetic material through cell to cellcontact.
DOMAIN BACTERIA
─Far more common thatArchaebacteria─No mitotic division, mostly asexualreproduction─Cell wall made of peptidoglycan and cell membranelackscholesterol andsteroids─Can be divided into three groups according toshape:─Spirilla(spiral-shape)─Bacilla(rod-shape)─Cocci (sphericalshape)
Kingdom Eubacteria
▪Have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope with mostly multicellular but with several unicellularrepresentatives
▪Exhibit mitotic division, sexual reproduction of higher representatives involves meioticdivision.
DOMAIN EUKARYA
▪Mostly unicellular, but some like algae are multicellular without specialized tissueorganization▪Lacks plastids and photosynthetic pigments▪Primarily live in aquaticenvironment,moist soils, or anywhere with liquidwater.▪Movement is often with the useofflagella, cilia,pseudopodia▪May reproduce asexually orsexually▪Examples: Amoeba,Euglena
KINGDOM PROTISTA
▪More closely related to animalsthanplants▪Heterotrophic organisms,cannot manufacture their ownfood▪Most grow as tubular filamentscalled hyphae▪Reproduce by asexual, sexual orboth▪Produce spores that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular,haploid individuals.▪Examples: Saccharomycescerevisiae(yeast), Penicillium
KINGDOM FUNGI
▪Multicellular and havechlorophyll▪Cell wall composed ofcellulose▪Lack motility and can manufacture theirown food(autotroph)
KINGDOM PLANTAE
-Multicellularheterotrophs-Madeupofmanydifferentcelltypesorganizedintotissueandinturnperformsspecializedfunctionsandmayworktogethertoformorgansandorgansystem-Mosthavebilateralsymmetry,primitiveformsmayhaveasymmetricalorradialbodyplan-Mosthavetheabilityforrapidmovement,primitiveformsmaybeentirelynon-motileoratsomepointinitslifecycle.
Kingdom Animalia
▪Non-motilemulticellularorganisms▪Body may be asymmetricalor radial with numerous pores (ostia) and central cavity (spongocoel)▪Exoskeleton made up of sponging fiber or calcareous/ siliceous spicules orboth▪Mostly live in marinehabitat, few infreshwater.▪Example:Sponge
Phylum Porifera(pore-bearer)
▪Multicellular, withradialsymmetry▪Havetwoforms,medusaandpolyp,butothersexhibitoneformthroughouttheirentirelife▪Usually contains an internal cavity and amouth▪Mostly carnivorous, if not, filter feeders
Phylum Cnidaria(stingingnettle)
c o r a l , common j e l l y f i s h , sea anemone,hy d r a
invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria(stingingnettle)
▪Multicellular, with radial or biradialsymmetry▪Body contains an internal cavity, with mouth and analpores▪Moves by rows of hair-like cilia (combs)▪Have welldevelopedsubepidermal nervenet▪All are carnivorous and inhabits marine environment▪Example:Pleurobrachia,Cestum,Beroe
PhylumCtenophora(comb-bearing)
▪Bilateral symmetricalanddorsoventrallyflattened▪Body having three layer of tissue▪Nervous system is longitudinal rather thannet▪Mostly sexual as hermaphrodites and are parasites
PhylumPlatyhelminthes(flatworms)
Example: Planaria, Liver flukes, BloodFlukes
D. PhylumPlatyhelminthes(flatworms
▪Bilaterally symmetricalandvermiform▪Body is covered with cuticlewithinner cavity(pseudoceol)▪Have complete gutandsubterminusanus▪Nervous system with pharyngeal nervering▪No circulatory system and reproduce sexually(gonochoristic)
Phylum Nematoda(roundworms)
Example:Hookworm, Whipworm (Trichuris), Ascaris, Pinworm(Enterobius)
E. Phylum Nematoda(roundworms) invertebrate
▪Bilaterally symmetricalandvermiform▪Bodycavityisatruecoelomwhichisdividedbysepta▪Digestivetractiscomplete,withmouthandanus▪Nervoussystemconsistsofanteriornervering,ganglia,andventralnervecord▪Maybegonochoristicorhermaphroditic
PhylumAnnelida(Segmentedworms)
Example: Earthworm (Lumbricus), Polychaete (Nereis), Leech(Hirudo)
PhylumAnnelida(Segmentedworms) invertebrate
▪Body is bilaterally symmetrical and without cavity▪With complete digestive tract and open circulatory system▪Many have dorsal orlateralshells serving as ahouse▪Nervous system with circum-esophageal ring, ganglia and paired nerve cord and aregonochoristic
Phylum Mollusca(Softbodied)
Example Octopus, Squid, Clam, Slug andChiton
Phylum Mollusca(Softbodied) invertebrate
▪Body is five-rayed symmetrical, mostlyradial▪Body cavity is a true coelom, with completedigestivetract▪Body shape is highly variable but with nohead▪Nervous system with circum-esophagealring▪Has water vascular system, operating the “tubefeet”▪Gonochoristic and all lives in marinehabitats
Phylum Echinodermata (spiny/ halfskin)
Example: s e a s t a r, s e a u r c h i n, b r i t t l es t a r, s e acucumber
Phylum Echinodermata (spiny/ halfskin) invertebrate
▪Body is bilaterally symmetrical withtruecoelom▪Most have a straight completedigestive tract▪Body is divided into 2 or 3sections (head, thorax,abdomen)▪Nervous system with brain andganglia▪Has open circulatory system withsimpleheart, noveins▪Gonochoristic but canbeparthenogenetic
Phylum Arthropoda (joint –footedfoot)
Example: crab, i n s e c t s , s c o r p i o n s , c e n t i p e d e s ,s h r i m p s
Phylum Arthropoda (joint –footedfoot) invertebrate
▪Bilaterally symmetrical with truecoelom▪Has single hollow nerve cord beneath dorsal surface differentiating into spinal cord andbrain▪Notochord is present at one or entire stage of the lifecycle
PhylumChordata
▪Post anal tail is present at least in embryo, becomes the tail bone in humans▪Pharyngeal slits present at least in the embryo, modified to form gillsandfishes▪With endostyle aiding for food gathering, metamorphosed into the thyroid gland inadults
PhylumChordata
▪Superclass Agnatha(Jaw-less)▪Example: hagfishes,lampreys
vertebrate
▪Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish)▪Example: sharks, skates, rays,chimaeras
VERTEBRATA
▪Superclass Osteichthyes (Bony fish)▪Example: Bangus, Eel, Piranha, Goldfish
VERTEBRATA
▪Superclass Tetrapoda▪Class Amphibia (Amphibians)▪Example: Toads, Frogs, Newts and Salamanders
VERTEBRATA
▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Reptilia(Reptiles)Example: Snakes, Turtles, Crocodiles, Komododragon
VERTEBRATA
▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Aves(Birds)Example: Ostrich,Chicken
vertebrate
▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Aves(Birds)Example: Ostrich,Chicken
vertebrate
This forms a boundary between the living cell and its surroundings and controls the traffic
of molecules into and out of the cell. Exhibits selective permeability
that is, it allows some substances to pass through and blocks passage of some
substances. very thin and porous.
cell membrane
are the main structural component of membranes. This molecule has two
parts: the head, is polar and thus hydrophilic and the double tail, is nonpolar and therefore
hydrophobic.
phospholipid
This is the part of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. It is the
protoplasm outside the nucleus.
cytoplasm
is the outer homogeneous portion; otherwise, called the cortex
or plasma gel. It is the peripheral layer of the cytoplasm which has the ability
to undergo reversible sol – gel transformation.
ecdoplasm
is the inner granular layer or the liquefied cytoplasm between
the cortex and the nuclear membrane. It is otherwise called cytoplasmic
matrix or hyaloplasm. This is where cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions
are found.
endoplasm
are living structures found in all cells which perform specific functions in the cell. They
are referred to as the indispensable part of the cell.
Inclusions are lifeless accumulation of foods, sugar, fat granules, pigments, crystals and etc. They
are considered as the nonliving components of the cytoplasm.
organelles
s a sausage-shaped or rod-like structure bounded by a double
membrane which is thrown into folds to form little shelves called cristae, which
projects into the matrix, an inner space filled with gel-like fluid. This produces
cellular energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
mitochondria
are spherical bodies found in the cytoplasm of almost all types of
cells. These provide an intracellular digestive system that allows the cell to digest
and remove unwanted substances or structures such as damaged or foreign
structures. This is also referred to as a “suicide bag” since the release of the
enzyme it contained would cause destruction of the cell itself by digesting its own
proteins.
lysosomes
is an intracellular membrane system of branching,
intercommunicating tubules which are continuous with the flattened sacs called
cisternae.
endoplasmic reticulum
which has on its outer surface small granules called
microsomes (ribosomes) associated with protein synthesis.
rough er
has absence of granules and functions for fat or lipid
synthesis
smooth er
is an irregular network of canals lined with a
membrane and located near the nucleus. This is involved in the secretion of
certain cell products and also thought to be involved in the packaging and
transport of materials in and out of the cell. It is the main agency for building a
variety of large carbohydrates.
golgi complex
are hollow cylinders oriented at right angles to each other. They are
found only in animal cells.
They play an important role
in cell division by establishing the poles in the cell during mitosis.
centrioles
are small dense particles in the cytoplasm and are the molecular
machines that make up proteins.
ribosomes
are polymerized fibrillar proteins which occur in large bundles in
epidermal cells undergoing keratinization. They are involved in the change of
the shape of the cells.
microfilament
are long hollow fibers which appear to be involved in the
preservation of the shape of the cell and in the machinery of motion particularly
in mitosis.
microtubules
re round or oval bodies that contain pigments and are absent in animal
cells
platids
contain red, yellow and orange pigments
chloroplast
contain colorless pigments
leucoplast
are minute cavities or spaces in cells which have more fluid content
than the rest of the cytoplasm. They function for gaseous exchange, for
maintaining internal pressure, and for providing a dumping ground for waste
vacuoles
are large, sometimes taking up as much as 80% of a plant cell’s
volume and act as storage depots in most plant and fungal cells.
central vacuoles
contains catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxides (H2O2)
produced during metabolism
peroxisomes
It is a spherical body which is the anatomical and functional unit of the cell. This is the largest
cellular organelle which has two important functions:
● To store and carry hereditary information from one generation to another.
● To translate genetic information into the kinds of proteins characteristic of a cell,
thus determine the cell’s specific role in life processes
nucleus
is porous and consists of two-unit membranes. This divides
the cell into two main regions – the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
nuclear membrame
is where chromosomes and
nucleolus or nuclolei are suspended.
7
Nucleoplasm or Karyoplasm or Nuclear sap
is a spherical body which is the site of ribosomal manufacture
nucleolus
are clumps of a dense granular thread-like network which
is transformed into chromosome during mitosis. It is composed of DNA joined to
protein molecules to form nucleoproteins
chromatin material
are chromosomes that affect bodily characteristics
thus are also called body chromosomes
autosomes
moves materials across the cell surface
cilia
used for movement
flagella
cells that connect body parts
fibroblasts
cells that cover and line body organs
epithelial cells
cells that move organs and body parts
muscle cell
cell that stores nutrients
fat cell
cell that fights disease
macrophage
cell that gathers information and controls body functions
nerve cell
movement of substance into and out of the cell
membrane transport
no energy is required
passive transport
the cell must provide metabolic energy
active transport
fluid on the exterior of the cell
interstitial fluid
homogenous mixture of two or more components
solution
