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botany and zoology > module 1 and 2 zool > Flashcards

module 1 and 2 zool Flashcards

1
Q

defined as the scientific study of animal life, builds on centuries of human observations of the animal world. It encompasses all aspects of scientific knowledge about animals, like embryonic development, evolution, behavior, ecological distribution, and classification.

A

Zoology

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2
Q

study of organism based on its form, shape, structure as a whole

A

Morphology

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3
Q

the study of tissue

A

histology

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4
Q

study of organism based on dissection

A

anatomy

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5
Q

study of the performance of complex metabolic functions

A

physiology

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6
Q

science of the origin and development of the organism from fertilization of the oocyte to all subsequent states up to birth

A

embryology

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7
Q

the study of heredity and variation

A

genetics

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8
Q

concerned with interrelationships among living organisms, encompassing the relations of organisms to each other, to the environment, and to the energy balance within a given ecosystem.

A

ecology

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9
Q

study of classification and nomenclature of the organism

A

taxonomy

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10
Q

The science in dealing of life in prehistoric times as revealed by the fossils

A

paleontology

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11
Q

refers to the distribution of organism on space or earth surface

A

Biogeography / Zoogeography

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12
Q

the study of animal behavior

A

ethology

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13
Q

refers to change over long periods of time

A

evolution

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14
Q

genesis means

A

origin

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15
Q

embryo mean

A

swell

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16
Q

ana means

A

separate

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17
Q

tomy means

A

cut

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18
Q

study of protozoans

A

protozoology

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19
Q

study of fishes

A

ichthyology

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20
Q

study of birds

A

ornithology

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21
Q

study of soft bodied organism

A

malacology

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22
Q

study of man

A

anthropology

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23
Q

the study of parasites

A

parasitology

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24
Q

study of shell

A

conchology

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25
Q

study of reptiles and amphibians

A

herpetology

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26
Q

study of worms

A

helminthology

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27
Q

study of microorganism –organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye

A

microbiology

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28
Q

study of insects

A

enthomology

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29
Q

study of fungi

A

mycology

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30
Q

study of muscles

A

myology

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31
Q

study of cell structure and function

A

cytology

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32
Q

a state of existence characterized by the total of bodily activities or function of an organism. This includes metabolism, growth, reproduction, adaptation and response to the stimuli

A

life

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33
Q

An arrangement of distinct but mutually dependent parts

A

organization

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34
Q

The sum of all chemical and physical changes occurring in the body ofanindividual

A

metabolism

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35
Q

Theincreaseinsizeornumberoflivingbeingoranyofitspartsoccurringintheprocessofdevelopment.

A

growth

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36
Q

Theabilityoftheorganismproduceoffspringofthesamekind

A

reproduction

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37
Q

Theactorprocessofnaturalprogressioninphysicalandpsychologicalmaturationfromembryonicstatetoacomplexadultstage.

A

development

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38
Q

Monitors or react to changes in the body; the ability of the organism to respond to the stimulus

A

irritability

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39
Q

a factor in the environment which can elicit response of an organism.

A

stimuli

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40
Q

maintainsstableinternalcondition.

A

homeostasis

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41
Q

Anadvantageouschangeofanorganism(structure,function,behavior)toenhancetheabilitytosurviveintheenvironment

A

adaptation

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42
Q

Acontinuingprocessofchangefromonestate,condition.Thischangeoccursthroughtime.

A

evolution

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43
Q

Changesofstructuretospecializedone

A

differentation

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44
Q

Harmoniousfunctionofinterrelatedstructures

A

coordination

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45
Q

Controloftherateofprocess

A

regulation

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46
Q

Mechanical,chemical,enzymaticprocesstoconvertcomplexfoodsubstance

A

digestion

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47
Q

Processofeliminatingwasteproduct.

A

Excretion

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48
Q

Levels of Organization of Living Organism

A

amcctosopebb

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49
Q

when was On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection published

A

1859

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50
Q

is a hallmark oflife.

A

diversity

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51
Q

explore life across its great diversityofspecies

A

biologist

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52
Q

Organisms were first classifiedmore than 2,000 years ago by the Greek philosopher

A

aristotle

53
Q

Establishingaunifiedway ofnamingorganisms through

A

binomial nomenclature

54
Q

▪Single celled prokaryotes thatlacks nucleus
▪Membranes are composed of glycerol-ether lipids and cellwall lackspeptidoglycan
▪Differ from the bacteria in their genetic transcription and translation, the central processes ofmolecular biology

A

DOMAIN ARCHAEA(PRIMITIVE)

55
Q

─Unicellular organisms that liveinextremely harshconditions
─Can be divided into threemajorgroupings:
─Methanogens(methane-maker)
─Halophiles (Saltlovers)
─Extreme thermophiles(Heatlovers)

A

Kingdom Archaebacteria

56
Q

▪Lack of membrane-boundnucleus
▪Containsmallerpiecesof circular DNA calledplasmids
▪In unfavorable living conditions,somecanformdehydrated,inactivecells calledendosporesbutcan be reactivated when conditionsimprove.
▪Mostreproduce asexually through binary fission, a process in which chromosome is continually replicated after which the cellsdivide
▪Some sexually by conjugation, a process of exchanging genetic material through cell to cellcontact.

A

DOMAIN BACTERIA

57
Q

─Far more common thatArchaebacteria─No mitotic division, mostly asexualreproduction─Cell wall made of peptidoglycan and cell membranelackscholesterol andsteroids─Can be divided into three groups according toshape:─Spirilla(spiral-shape)─Bacilla(rod-shape)─Cocci (sphericalshape)

A

Kingdom Eubacteria

58
Q

▪Have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope with mostly multicellular but with several unicellularrepresentatives
▪Exhibit mitotic division, sexual reproduction of higher representatives involves meioticdivision.

A

DOMAIN EUKARYA

59
Q

▪Mostly unicellular, but some like algae are multicellular without specialized tissueorganization▪Lacks plastids and photosynthetic pigments▪Primarily live in aquaticenvironment,moist soils, or anywhere with liquidwater.▪Movement is often with the useofflagella, cilia,pseudopodia▪May reproduce asexually orsexually▪Examples: Amoeba,Euglena

A

KINGDOM PROTISTA

60
Q

▪More closely related to animalsthanplants▪Heterotrophic organisms,cannot manufacture their ownfood▪Most grow as tubular filamentscalled hyphae▪Reproduce by asexual, sexual orboth▪Produce spores that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular,haploid individuals.▪Examples: Saccharomycescerevisiae(yeast), Penicillium

A

KINGDOM FUNGI

61
Q

▪Multicellular and havechlorophyll▪Cell wall composed ofcellulose▪Lack motility and can manufacture theirown food(autotroph)

A

KINGDOM PLANTAE

62
Q

-Multicellularheterotrophs-Madeupofmanydifferentcelltypesorganizedintotissueandinturnperformsspecializedfunctionsandmayworktogethertoformorgansandorgansystem-Mosthavebilateralsymmetry,primitiveformsmayhaveasymmetricalorradialbodyplan-Mosthavetheabilityforrapidmovement,primitiveformsmaybeentirelynon-motileoratsomepointinitslifecycle.

A

Kingdom Animalia

63
Q

▪Non-motilemulticellularorganisms▪Body may be asymmetricalor radial with numerous pores (ostia) and central cavity (spongocoel)▪Exoskeleton made up of sponging fiber or calcareous/ siliceous spicules orboth▪Mostly live in marinehabitat, few infreshwater.▪Example:Sponge

A

Phylum Porifera(pore-bearer)

64
Q

▪Multicellular, withradialsymmetry▪Havetwoforms,medusaandpolyp,butothersexhibitoneformthroughouttheirentirelife▪Usually contains an internal cavity and amouth▪Mostly carnivorous, if not, filter feeders

A

Phylum Cnidaria(stingingnettle)

65
Q

c o r a l , common j e l l y f i s h , sea anemone,hy d r a

A

invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria(stingingnettle)

66
Q

▪Multicellular, with radial or biradialsymmetry▪Body contains an internal cavity, with mouth and analpores▪Moves by rows of hair-like cilia (combs)▪Have welldevelopedsubepidermal nervenet▪All are carnivorous and inhabits marine environment▪Example:Pleurobrachia,Cestum,Beroe

A

PhylumCtenophora(comb-bearing)

67
Q

▪Bilateral symmetricalanddorsoventrallyflattened▪Body having three layer of tissue▪Nervous system is longitudinal rather thannet▪Mostly sexual as hermaphrodites and are parasites

A

PhylumPlatyhelminthes(flatworms)

68
Q

Example: Planaria, Liver flukes, BloodFlukes

A

D. PhylumPlatyhelminthes(flatworms

69
Q

▪Bilaterally symmetricalandvermiform▪Body is covered with cuticlewithinner cavity(pseudoceol)▪Have complete gutandsubterminusanus▪Nervous system with pharyngeal nervering▪No circulatory system and reproduce sexually(gonochoristic)

A

Phylum Nematoda(roundworms)

70
Q

Example:Hookworm, Whipworm (Trichuris), Ascaris, Pinworm(Enterobius)

A

E. Phylum Nematoda(roundworms) invertebrate

71
Q

▪Bilaterally symmetricalandvermiform▪Bodycavityisatruecoelomwhichisdividedbysepta▪Digestivetractiscomplete,withmouthandanus▪Nervoussystemconsistsofanteriornervering,ganglia,andventralnervecord▪Maybegonochoristicorhermaphroditic

A

PhylumAnnelida(Segmentedworms)

72
Q

Example: Earthworm (Lumbricus), Polychaete (Nereis), Leech(Hirudo)

A

PhylumAnnelida(Segmentedworms) invertebrate

73
Q

▪Body is bilaterally symmetrical and without cavity▪With complete digestive tract and open circulatory system▪Many have dorsal orlateralshells serving as ahouse▪Nervous system with circum-esophageal ring, ganglia and paired nerve cord and aregonochoristic

A

Phylum Mollusca(Softbodied)

74
Q

Example Octopus, Squid, Clam, Slug andChiton

A

Phylum Mollusca(Softbodied) invertebrate

75
Q

▪Body is five-rayed symmetrical, mostlyradial▪Body cavity is a true coelom, with completedigestivetract▪Body shape is highly variable but with nohead▪Nervous system with circum-esophagealring▪Has water vascular system, operating the “tubefeet”▪Gonochoristic and all lives in marinehabitats

A

Phylum Echinodermata (spiny/ halfskin)

76
Q

Example: s e a s t a r, s e a u r c h i n, b r i t t l es t a r, s e acucumber

A

Phylum Echinodermata (spiny/ halfskin) invertebrate

77
Q

▪Body is bilaterally symmetrical withtruecoelom▪Most have a straight completedigestive tract▪Body is divided into 2 or 3sections (head, thorax,abdomen)▪Nervous system with brain andganglia▪Has open circulatory system withsimpleheart, noveins▪Gonochoristic but canbeparthenogenetic

A

Phylum Arthropoda (joint –footedfoot)

78
Q

Example: crab, i n s e c t s , s c o r p i o n s , c e n t i p e d e s ,s h r i m p s

A

Phylum Arthropoda (joint –footedfoot) invertebrate

79
Q

▪Bilaterally symmetrical with truecoelom▪Has single hollow nerve cord beneath dorsal surface differentiating into spinal cord andbrain▪Notochord is present at one or entire stage of the lifecycle

A

PhylumChordata

80
Q

▪Post anal tail is present at least in embryo, becomes the tail bone in humans▪Pharyngeal slits present at least in the embryo, modified to form gillsandfishes▪With endostyle aiding for food gathering, metamorphosed into the thyroid gland inadults

A

PhylumChordata

81
Q

▪Superclass Agnatha(Jaw-less)▪Example: hagfishes,lampreys

A

vertebrate

82
Q

▪Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish)▪Example: sharks, skates, rays,chimaeras

A

VERTEBRATA

83
Q

▪Superclass Osteichthyes (Bony fish)▪Example: Bangus, Eel, Piranha, Goldfish

A

VERTEBRATA

84
Q

▪Superclass Tetrapoda▪Class Amphibia (Amphibians)▪Example: Toads, Frogs, Newts and Salamanders

A

VERTEBRATA

85
Q

▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Reptilia(Reptiles)Example: Snakes, Turtles, Crocodiles, Komododragon

A

VERTEBRATA

86
Q

▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Aves(Birds)Example: Ostrich,Chicken

A

vertebrate

87
Q

▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Aves(Birds)Example: Ostrich,Chicken

A

vertebrate

88
Q

This forms a boundary between the living cell and its surroundings and controls the traffic
of molecules into and out of the cell. Exhibits selective permeability
that is, it allows some substances to pass through and blocks passage of some
substances. very thin and porous.

A

cell membrane

89
Q

are the main structural component of membranes. This molecule has two
parts: the head, is polar and thus hydrophilic and the double tail, is nonpolar and therefore
hydrophobic.

A

phospholipid

90
Q

This is the part of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. It is the
protoplasm outside the nucleus.

A

cytoplasm

91
Q

is the outer homogeneous portion; otherwise, called the cortex
or plasma gel. It is the peripheral layer of the cytoplasm which has the ability
to undergo reversible sol – gel transformation.

A

ecdoplasm

92
Q

is the inner granular layer or the liquefied cytoplasm between
the cortex and the nuclear membrane. It is otherwise called cytoplasmic
matrix or hyaloplasm. This is where cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions
are found.

A

endoplasm

93
Q

are living structures found in all cells which perform specific functions in the cell. They
are referred to as the indispensable part of the cell.
Inclusions are lifeless accumulation of foods, sugar, fat granules, pigments, crystals and etc. They
are considered as the nonliving components of the cytoplasm.

A

organelles

94
Q

s a sausage-shaped or rod-like structure bounded by a double
membrane which is thrown into folds to form little shelves called cristae, which
projects into the matrix, an inner space filled with gel-like fluid. This produces
cellular energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

A

mitochondria

95
Q

are spherical bodies found in the cytoplasm of almost all types of
cells. These provide an intracellular digestive system that allows the cell to digest
and remove unwanted substances or structures such as damaged or foreign
structures. This is also referred to as a “suicide bag” since the release of the
enzyme it contained would cause destruction of the cell itself by digesting its own
proteins.

A

lysosomes

96
Q

is an intracellular membrane system of branching,
intercommunicating tubules which are continuous with the flattened sacs called
cisternae.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

97
Q

which has on its outer surface small granules called
microsomes (ribosomes) associated with protein synthesis.

A

rough er

98
Q

has absence of granules and functions for fat or lipid
synthesis

A

smooth er

99
Q

is an irregular network of canals lined with a
membrane and located near the nucleus. This is involved in the secretion of
certain cell products and also thought to be involved in the packaging and
transport of materials in and out of the cell. It is the main agency for building a
variety of large carbohydrates.

A

golgi complex

100
Q

are hollow cylinders oriented at right angles to each other. They are
found only in animal cells.
They play an important role
in cell division by establishing the poles in the cell during mitosis.

A

centrioles

101
Q

are small dense particles in the cytoplasm and are the molecular
machines that make up proteins.

A

ribosomes

102
Q

are polymerized fibrillar proteins which occur in large bundles in
epidermal cells undergoing keratinization. They are involved in the change of
the shape of the cells.

A

microfilament

103
Q

are long hollow fibers which appear to be involved in the
preservation of the shape of the cell and in the machinery of motion particularly
in mitosis.

A

microtubules

104
Q

re round or oval bodies that contain pigments and are absent in animal
cells

A

platids

105
Q

contain red, yellow and orange pigments

A

chloroplast

106
Q

contain colorless pigments

A

leucoplast

107
Q

are minute cavities or spaces in cells which have more fluid content
than the rest of the cytoplasm. They function for gaseous exchange, for
maintaining internal pressure, and for providing a dumping ground for waste

A

vacuoles

108
Q

are large, sometimes taking up as much as 80% of a plant cell’s
volume and act as storage depots in most plant and fungal cells.

A

central vacuoles

109
Q

contains catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxides (H2O2)
produced during metabolism

A

peroxisomes

110
Q

It is a spherical body which is the anatomical and functional unit of the cell. This is the largest
cellular organelle which has two important functions:
● To store and carry hereditary information from one generation to another.
● To translate genetic information into the kinds of proteins characteristic of a cell,
thus determine the cell’s specific role in life processes

A

nucleus

111
Q

is porous and consists of two-unit membranes. This divides
the cell into two main regions – the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

A

nuclear membrame

112
Q

is where chromosomes and
nucleolus or nuclolei are suspended.
7

A

Nucleoplasm or Karyoplasm or Nuclear sap

113
Q

is a spherical body which is the site of ribosomal manufacture

A

nucleolus

114
Q

are clumps of a dense granular thread-like network which
is transformed into chromosome during mitosis. It is composed of DNA joined to
protein molecules to form nucleoproteins

A

chromatin material

115
Q

are chromosomes that affect bodily characteristics
thus are also called body chromosomes

A

autosomes

116
Q

moves materials across the cell surface

A

cilia

117
Q

used for movement

A

flagella

118
Q

cells that connect body parts

A

fibroblasts

119
Q

cells that cover and line body organs

A

epithelial cells

120
Q

cells that move organs and body parts

A

muscle cell

121
Q

cell that stores nutrients

A

fat cell

122
Q

cell that fights disease

A

macrophage

123
Q

cell that gathers information and controls body functions

A

nerve cell

124
Q

movement of substance into and out of the cell

A

membrane transport

125
Q

no energy is required

A

passive transport

126
Q

the cell must provide metabolic energy

A

active transport

127
Q

fluid on the exterior of the cell

A

interstitial fluid

128
Q

homogenous mixture of two or more components

A

solution

botany and zoology (2 decks)

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