module 1 and 2 zool Flashcards by Kristina Orat

defined as the scientific study of animal life, builds on centuries of human observations of the animal world. It encompasses all aspects of scientific knowledge about animals, like embryonic development, evolution, behavior, ecological distribution, and classification.

Zoology

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study of organism based on its form, shape, structure as a whole

Morphology

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the study of tissue

histology

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study of organism based on dissection

anatomy

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study of the performance of complex metabolic functions

physiology

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science of the origin and development of the organism from fertilization of the oocyte to all subsequent states up to birth

embryology

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the study of heredity and variation

genetics

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concerned with interrelationships among living organisms, encompassing the relations of organisms to each other, to the environment, and to the energy balance within a given ecosystem.

ecology

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study of classification and nomenclature of the organism

taxonomy

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The science in dealing of life in prehistoric times as revealed by the fossils

paleontology

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refers to the distribution of organism on space or earth surface

Biogeography / Zoogeography

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the study of animal behavior

ethology

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refers to change over long periods of time

evolution

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genesis means

origin

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embryo mean

swell

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ana means

separate

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tomy means

cut

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study of protozoans

protozoology

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study of fishes

ichthyology

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study of birds

ornithology

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study of soft bodied organism

malacology

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study of man

anthropology

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the study of parasites

parasitology

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study of shell

conchology

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study of reptiles and amphibians

herpetology

study of worms

helminthology

study of microorganism –organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye

microbiology

study of insects

enthomology

study of fungi

mycology

study of muscles

myology

study of cell structure and function

cytology

a state of existence characterized by the total of bodily activities or function of an organism. This includes metabolism, growth, reproduction, adaptation and response to the stimuli

life

An arrangement of distinct but mutually dependent parts

organization

The sum of all chemical and physical changes occurring in the body ofanindividual

metabolism

Theincreaseinsizeornumberoflivingbeingoranyofitspartsoccurringintheprocessofdevelopment.

growth

Theabilityoftheorganismproduceoffspringofthesamekind

reproduction

Theactorprocessofnaturalprogressioninphysicalandpsychologicalmaturationfromembryonicstatetoacomplexadultstage.

development

Monitors or react to changes in the body; the ability of the organism to respond to the stimulus

irritability

a factor in the environment which can elicit response of an organism.

stimuli

maintainsstableinternalcondition.

homeostasis

Anadvantageouschangeofanorganism(structure,function,behavior)toenhancetheabilitytosurviveintheenvironment

adaptation

Acontinuingprocessofchangefromonestate,condition.Thischangeoccursthroughtime.

evolution

Changesofstructuretospecializedone

differentation

Harmoniousfunctionofinterrelatedstructures

coordination

Controloftherateofprocess

regulation

Mechanical,chemical,enzymaticprocesstoconvertcomplexfoodsubstance

digestion

Processofeliminatingwasteproduct.

Excretion

Levels of Organization of Living Organism

amcctosopebb

when was On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection published

1859

is a hallmark oflife.

diversity

explore life across its great diversityofspecies

biologist

Organisms were first classifiedmore than 2,000 years ago by the Greek philosopher

aristotle

Establishingaunifiedway ofnamingorganisms through

binomial nomenclature

▪Single celled prokaryotes thatlacks nucleus ▪Membranes are composed of glycerol-ether lipids and cellwall lackspeptidoglycan ▪Differ from the bacteria in their genetic transcription and translation, the central processes ofmolecular biology

DOMAIN ARCHAEA(PRIMITIVE)

─Unicellular organisms that liveinextremely harshconditions ─Can be divided into threemajorgroupings: ─Methanogens(methane-maker) ─Halophiles (Saltlovers) ─Extreme thermophiles(Heatlovers)

Kingdom Archaebacteria

▪Lack of membrane-boundnucleus ▪Containsmallerpiecesof circular DNA calledplasmids ▪In unfavorable living conditions,somecanformdehydrated,inactivecells calledendosporesbutcan be reactivated when conditionsimprove. ▪Mostreproduce asexually through binary fission, a process in which chromosome is continually replicated after which the cellsdivide ▪Some sexually by conjugation, a process of exchanging genetic material through cell to cellcontact.

DOMAIN BACTERIA

─Far more common thatArchaebacteria─No mitotic division, mostly asexualreproduction─Cell wall made of peptidoglycan and cell membranelackscholesterol andsteroids─Can be divided into three groups according toshape:─Spirilla(spiral-shape)─Bacilla(rod-shape)─Cocci (sphericalshape)

Kingdom Eubacteria

▪Have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope with mostly multicellular but with several unicellularrepresentatives ▪Exhibit mitotic division, sexual reproduction of higher representatives involves meioticdivision.

DOMAIN EUKARYA

▪Mostly unicellular, but some like algae are multicellular without specialized tissueorganization▪Lacks plastids and photosynthetic pigments▪Primarily live in aquaticenvironment,moist soils, or anywhere with liquidwater.▪Movement is often with the useofflagella, cilia,pseudopodia▪May reproduce asexually orsexually▪Examples: Amoeba,Euglena

KINGDOM PROTISTA

▪More closely related to animalsthanplants▪Heterotrophic organisms,cannot manufacture their ownfood▪Most grow as tubular filamentscalled hyphae▪Reproduce by asexual, sexual orboth▪Produce spores that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular,haploid individuals.▪Examples: Saccharomycescerevisiae(yeast), Penicillium

KINGDOM FUNGI

▪Multicellular and havechlorophyll▪Cell wall composed ofcellulose▪Lack motility and can manufacture theirown food(autotroph)

KINGDOM PLANTAE

-Multicellularheterotrophs-Madeupofmanydifferentcelltypesorganizedintotissueandinturnperformsspecializedfunctionsandmayworktogethertoformorgansandorgansystem-Mosthavebilateralsymmetry,primitiveformsmayhaveasymmetricalorradialbodyplan-Mosthavetheabilityforrapidmovement,primitiveformsmaybeentirelynon-motileoratsomepointinitslifecycle.

Kingdom Animalia

▪Non-motilemulticellularorganisms▪Body may be asymmetricalor radial with numerous pores (ostia) and central cavity (spongocoel)▪Exoskeleton made up of sponging fiber or calcareous/ siliceous spicules orboth▪Mostly live in marinehabitat, few infreshwater.▪Example:Sponge

Phylum Porifera(pore-bearer)

▪Multicellular, withradialsymmetry▪Havetwoforms,medusaandpolyp,butothersexhibitoneformthroughouttheirentirelife▪Usually contains an internal cavity and amouth▪Mostly carnivorous, if not, filter feeders

Phylum Cnidaria(stingingnettle)

c o r a l , common j e l l y f i s h , sea anemone,hy d r a

invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria(stingingnettle)

▪Multicellular, with radial or biradialsymmetry▪Body contains an internal cavity, with mouth and analpores▪Moves by rows of hair-like cilia (combs)▪Have welldevelopedsubepidermal nervenet▪All are carnivorous and inhabits marine environment▪Example:Pleurobrachia,Cestum,Beroe

PhylumCtenophora(comb-bearing)

▪Bilateral symmetricalanddorsoventrallyflattened▪Body having three layer of tissue▪Nervous system is longitudinal rather thannet▪Mostly sexual as hermaphrodites and are parasites

PhylumPlatyhelminthes(flatworms)

Example: Planaria, Liver flukes, BloodFlukes

D. PhylumPlatyhelminthes(flatworms

▪Bilaterally symmetricalandvermiform▪Body is covered with cuticlewithinner cavity(pseudoceol)▪Have complete gutandsubterminusanus▪Nervous system with pharyngeal nervering▪No circulatory system and reproduce sexually(gonochoristic)

Phylum Nematoda(roundworms)

Example:Hookworm, Whipworm (Trichuris), Ascaris, Pinworm(Enterobius)

E. Phylum Nematoda(roundworms) invertebrate

▪Bilaterally symmetricalandvermiform▪Bodycavityisatruecoelomwhichisdividedbysepta▪Digestivetractiscomplete,withmouthandanus▪Nervoussystemconsistsofanteriornervering,ganglia,andventralnervecord▪Maybegonochoristicorhermaphroditic

PhylumAnnelida(Segmentedworms)

Example: Earthworm (Lumbricus), Polychaete (Nereis), Leech(Hirudo)

PhylumAnnelida(Segmentedworms) invertebrate

▪Body is bilaterally symmetrical and without cavity▪With complete digestive tract and open circulatory system▪Many have dorsal orlateralshells serving as ahouse▪Nervous system with circum-esophageal ring, ganglia and paired nerve cord and aregonochoristic

Phylum Mollusca(Softbodied)

Example Octopus, Squid, Clam, Slug andChiton

Phylum Mollusca(Softbodied) invertebrate

▪Body is five-rayed symmetrical, mostlyradial▪Body cavity is a true coelom, with completedigestivetract▪Body shape is highly variable but with nohead▪Nervous system with circum-esophagealring▪Has water vascular system, operating the “tubefeet”▪Gonochoristic and all lives in marinehabitats

Phylum Echinodermata (spiny/ halfskin)

Example: s e a s t a r, s e a u r c h i n, b r i t t l es t a r, s e acucumber

Phylum Echinodermata (spiny/ halfskin) invertebrate

▪Body is bilaterally symmetrical withtruecoelom▪Most have a straight completedigestive tract▪Body is divided into 2 or 3sections (head, thorax,abdomen)▪Nervous system with brain andganglia▪Has open circulatory system withsimpleheart, noveins▪Gonochoristic but canbeparthenogenetic

Phylum Arthropoda (joint –footedfoot)

Example: crab, i n s e c t s , s c o r p i o n s , c e n t i p e d e s ,s h r i m p s

Phylum Arthropoda (joint –footedfoot) invertebrate

▪Bilaterally symmetrical with truecoelom▪Has single hollow nerve cord beneath dorsal surface differentiating into spinal cord andbrain▪Notochord is present at one or entire stage of the lifecycle

PhylumChordata

▪Post anal tail is present at least in embryo, becomes the tail bone in humans▪Pharyngeal slits present at least in the embryo, modified to form gillsandfishes▪With endostyle aiding for food gathering, metamorphosed into the thyroid gland inadults

PhylumChordata

▪Superclass Agnatha(Jaw-less)▪Example: hagfishes,lampreys

vertebrate

▪Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish)▪Example: sharks, skates, rays,chimaeras

VERTEBRATA

▪Superclass Osteichthyes (Bony fish)▪Example: Bangus, Eel, Piranha, Goldfish

VERTEBRATA

▪Superclass Tetrapoda▪Class Amphibia (Amphibians)▪Example: Toads, Frogs, Newts and Salamanders

VERTEBRATA

▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Reptilia(Reptiles)Example: Snakes, Turtles, Crocodiles, Komododragon

VERTEBRATA

▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Aves(Birds)Example: Ostrich,Chicken

vertebrate

▪SuperclassTetrapoda▪Class Aves(Birds)Example: Ostrich,Chicken

vertebrate

This forms a boundary between the living cell and its surroundings and controls the traffic of molecules into and out of the cell. Exhibits selective permeability that is, it allows some substances to pass through and blocks passage of some substances. very thin and porous.

cell membrane

are the main structural component of membranes. This molecule has two parts: the head, is polar and thus hydrophilic and the double tail, is nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic.

phospholipid

This is the part of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. It is the protoplasm outside the nucleus.

cytoplasm

is the outer homogeneous portion; otherwise, called the cortex or plasma gel. It is the peripheral layer of the cytoplasm which has the ability to undergo reversible sol – gel transformation.

ecdoplasm

is the inner granular layer or the liquefied cytoplasm between the cortex and the nuclear membrane. It is otherwise called cytoplasmic matrix or hyaloplasm. This is where cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions are found.

endoplasm

are living structures found in all cells which perform specific functions in the cell. They are referred to as the indispensable part of the cell. Inclusions are lifeless accumulation of foods, sugar, fat granules, pigments, crystals and etc. They are considered as the nonliving components of the cytoplasm.

organelles

s a sausage-shaped or rod-like structure bounded by a double membrane which is thrown into folds to form little shelves called cristae, which projects into the matrix, an inner space filled with gel-like fluid. This produces cellular energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

mitochondria

are spherical bodies found in the cytoplasm of almost all types of cells. These provide an intracellular digestive system that allows the cell to digest and remove unwanted substances or structures such as damaged or foreign structures. This is also referred to as a “suicide bag” since the release of the enzyme it contained would cause destruction of the cell itself by digesting its own proteins.

lysosomes

is an intracellular membrane system of branching, intercommunicating tubules which are continuous with the flattened sacs called cisternae.

endoplasmic reticulum

which has on its outer surface small granules called microsomes (ribosomes) associated with protein synthesis.

rough er

has absence of granules and functions for fat or lipid synthesis

smooth er

is an irregular network of canals lined with a membrane and located near the nucleus. This is involved in the secretion of certain cell products and also thought to be involved in the packaging and transport of materials in and out of the cell. It is the main agency for building a variety of large carbohydrates.

golgi complex

are hollow cylinders oriented at right angles to each other. They are found only in animal cells. They play an important role in cell division by establishing the poles in the cell during mitosis.

centrioles

are small dense particles in the cytoplasm and are the molecular machines that make up proteins.

ribosomes

are polymerized fibrillar proteins which occur in large bundles in epidermal cells undergoing keratinization. They are involved in the change of the shape of the cells.

microfilament

are long hollow fibers which appear to be involved in the preservation of the shape of the cell and in the machinery of motion particularly in mitosis.

microtubules

re round or oval bodies that contain pigments and are absent in animal cells

platids

contain red, yellow and orange pigments

chloroplast

contain colorless pigments

leucoplast

are minute cavities or spaces in cells which have more fluid content than the rest of the cytoplasm. They function for gaseous exchange, for maintaining internal pressure, and for providing a dumping ground for waste

vacuoles

are large, sometimes taking up as much as 80% of a plant cell’s volume and act as storage depots in most plant and fungal cells.

central vacuoles

contains catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxides (H2O2) produced during metabolism

peroxisomes

It is a spherical body which is the anatomical and functional unit of the cell. This is the largest cellular organelle which has two important functions: ● To store and carry hereditary information from one generation to another. ● To translate genetic information into the kinds of proteins characteristic of a cell, thus determine the cell’s specific role in life processes

nucleus

is porous and consists of two-unit membranes. This divides the cell into two main regions – the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

nuclear membrame

is where chromosomes and nucleolus or nuclolei are suspended. 7

Nucleoplasm or Karyoplasm or Nuclear sap

is a spherical body which is the site of ribosomal manufacture

nucleolus

are clumps of a dense granular thread-like network which is transformed into chromosome during mitosis. It is composed of DNA joined to protein molecules to form nucleoproteins

chromatin material

are chromosomes that affect bodily characteristics thus are also called body chromosomes

autosomes

moves materials across the cell surface

cilia

used for movement

flagella

cells that connect body parts

fibroblasts

cells that cover and line body organs

epithelial cells

cells that move organs and body parts

muscle cell

cell that stores nutrients

fat cell

cell that fights disease

macrophage

cell that gathers information and controls body functions

nerve cell

movement of substance into and out of the cell

membrane transport

no energy is required

passive transport

the cell must provide metabolic energy

active transport

fluid on the exterior of the cell

interstitial fluid

homogenous mixture of two or more components

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