Module 1 and 2 Flashcards
Pterygium
a. Triangular thickening of bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly across outer surface of the cornea, usually from nasal side. Reddening and irritation may occur. May interfere with vision as it approaches pupil
visual acuity. What does it mean to say someone has 20/20 vision?
a. The person is able to see at 20 feet what a “normal” eye can see at 20 feet
Red Reflexes and why we test them
a. Shine the light beam on the pupil and look for the orange glow in the pupil. Absence suggests opacity of the lens or less commonly detached retina, mass or retinoblastoma
dipoplia and what can cause it
a. Double vision, can be caused by nerve damage or injury to muscle, or central lesions in brainstem. Diplopia in one eye with the other closed suggests problem in the ocular surface, cornea lens and macula
subconjunctival hemorrhage and how does it present
a. Red, painless eye
a. Direct reaction
- pupillary constriction in the same eye
b. Consensual reaction-
- pupillary constriction in opposite eye
a. Exophthalmos
increased axial projection
b. Proptosis
abnormal protrusion of eyeballs leading to “stare” on frontal gaze
a. Hordeolum
stye. Painful, tnder, red infection in the inner or outer margin of the eyelid, usually from staph aureus.
b. Chalazion
subacute non tender usually painless nodule caused by blocked meibomian gland, normally points inside the lid rather than on the lid margin
- Glaucoma and exam findings associated with
a. Sever aching, deep, severe photophobia, no discharge, dilated/fixed pupil, steamy/cloudy cornea
Retinal detachment clinical presentation
a. Flashes of light, floaters, temporary loss of vision in one eye
Scotomas
a. Blind spot
a. Weber
- tests for lateralization. Place tuning fork on top of patients head or mid forehead. Where does patient hear sound best?
b. Rinne
- compare air conduction and bone conduction. Place base of vibrating tuning fork on the mastoid bone behind ear and level with canal. When patient can’t hear sound anymore, place prongs near ear and ask if patient hears vibration
Epistasis
a. Bleeding from nasal passages
b. Nose picking (trauma), inflammation, drying, tumor, foreign bodies
a. Otitis externa
pain in external canal, pain that increases with movement of tragus. AKA swimmers ear.
b. Otitis media
pain in middle ear
- Understand testing for auditory or gross hearing
a. Whispered voice test, 2 feet away and behind seated patient, test ear individually. Whisper combo of numbers and letters
Torus Palantinus
a. Benign midline lump on roof of mouth
ABCDE of melanoma
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color variation
Diamter over 6mm
Evolving
macule
flat, small
patches
flat, large
papules
raised, small
plaques
raised, large
vesicles
fluid filled, small
bullae
fluid filled, large
pustule
small plapable collection of neutrophils or keratin that appears white
furuncle
inflamed hair follicle, multiple together form carbuncle
actinic keratosis
easier to feel than see, can lead to squamous cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
smooth but firm border
typically arise rapidly
cherry angioma
birght or ruby red, may become purplish with age, 1-3mm, round, flat, sometimes raised
found on trunk, extremities
not significant, increase in size and number with aging
spider angioma
fiery red, very small-2 cm
central body, sometimes raised
face, neck, arms, upper trunk, almost never below waist
seen in liver dx, pregnancy, vitamin B def.
alopecia areata
sudden onset of clearly demarcated, usually localized round and oval patches of hair loss
paronychia
superficial infection of proximal and lateral nail folds, often red, swollen, tender. Most commonly from staph aureus
melanonychia
caused by increased pigmentation in nail matrix, leads to streak as nail grows out
oncholysis
painless separation of the whitened opaque nail plate from pinker tranlucent nail bed
onychomycosis
most common cause of nail thickening and subungual debris
terry nails
nail plate turns white with ground glass appearance, distal band of reddish brown and obliteration of lunula, seen in liver disease
