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Physiology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

0
Q
  • “internal environment”

- maintained by extracellular fluid

A

Milieu interieur

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1
Q
  • goal of all physiologic process
  • all about balance
  • usually via negative feedback
A

Homeostasis

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2
Q
  • 60% total body weight (42L)
  • principal fluid medium if the cell
  • present in most cells except in fat cells
A

Water

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3
Q

40% total body weight (28L)

Potassium

A

Intracellular fluid

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4
Q

20% of total body weight (14L)

Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

A

Extracellular fluid

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5
Q

1/4 of extracellular fluid

A

Plasma

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6
Q

3/4 of extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial fluid

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7
Q
  • transport of fluid in the body
  • At rest: covered in one minute
  • under active condition: 6x increase
A

Circulatory system

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8
Q
  • dissolved nutrients are absorbed and transported

- some require modification by liver

A

Gut

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9
Q

Filters and ensures that you are 60% water

A

Kidneys

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10
Q

Kinetic movements of fluid and dissolved molecules

A

Diffusion

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11
Q

Release hormone into blood stream

A

Hormone system

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12
Q
  • WBC
  • lymphoid tissues
  • distinguish own cell from foreign cells and substances
  • phagocytosis or by producing sensitized lymphocytes or specialized proteins
A

Immune system

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13
Q
  • boundary between body’s internal envt and outside world

- temperature regulation and waste secretion

A

Integumentary system

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14
Q

Series of changes that return the factor toward a certain mean value , thus maintaining homeostasis

A

Negative feedback system

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15
Q

Depends on oxygen-buffering function of hemoglobin

A

Oxygen concentration

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16
Q

High concentration stimulates the respiratory center to increase breathing

A

Carbon dioxide concentration

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17
Q

Control of blood pressure

A

Baroreceptor system

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18
Q
  • Degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant condition
  • gain= correction / error
A

Gain of control system

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19
Q
  • mostly negative in nature

- effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity

A

Feedback mechanism

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20
Q
  • blood clotting, nerve signaling, child birth
A

Positive feedback

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21
Q
  • “adaptive control”
  • used by cns to determine if a certain muscle contraction/movement is performed correctly
  • form of delayed negative feedback
A

Feed-forward control

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22
Q
  • basic unit of life
  • highly dynamic entity
  • principle of biogenesis
  • almost all in eukaryotic are nucleated
A

Cell

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23
Q
  • collective term for different substances that make up the cell
  • composed mainly of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
A

Protoplasm

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24
Q
  • inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

- necessary for operation of some of the cellular control mechanisms

A

Electrolytes/ions

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25
Q
  • 10%-20% of cell mass

- structural/functional __________

A

Proteins

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26
Q

Long intracellular filaments that form microtubules and fibrillar proteins

A

Structural proteins

27
Q

Composed of combinations of a few molecules in tubular-globular form

A

Functional proteins

28
Q
  • non-polar
  • soluble in fat solvents but insoluble in water
  • phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides
A

Lipids

29
Q

Forms the cell membrane and membrane barriers

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

30
Q

Storehouse of energy-giving nutrients

A

Triglycerides

31
Q
  • little structural function in the cell except as part of glycoprotein molecule
  • plays major role in cellularnutrition
A

Carbohydrates

32
Q
  • thin, pliable, elastic structure
  • mostly proteins and lipids
  • lipid bilayer
A

Cell/plasma membrane

33
Q

Selective transport of molecules in and out of cell

A

Membrane transport protein

34
Q

Via cell surface antigens

A

Cell recognition

35
Q

Through neurotransmitter, hormone receptor, and signal transduction pathway

A

Cell communication

36
Q
  • proposed by signer and nicolson
  • cell membrane = phospholipid bilayer
  • proteins and other substances embedded
A

Fluid mosaic model

37
Q
  • hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

- amphipathic molecules

A

Phospholipid bilayer

38
Q
  • anchored and embedded in the cell m membrane through hydrophobic interactions
  • target of many disease processes and drugs
A

Integral proteins

39
Q
  • not embedded in cell membrane
  • not covalently bound to membrane components
  • loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions
A

Peripheral proteins

40
Q
  • loose carbohydrate coat of the cell membrane
  • function: imparts a negative electrical charge, attachment to other cells, receptor substances for binding hormones, immune reactions
  • only found outside the cell; electostatic
A

Glycocalyx

41
Q
  • dissolved in membrane bilayer
  • determine degree of permeability if bilayer to water-soluble constituents
  • controls membrane fluidity
A

Cholesterol

42
Q
  • specialized cellular subunit found in the cytoplasm that has a specific function
  • usually membrane bound
A

Cellular organelles

43
Q
  • with fibrillar proteins synthesized by ribosomes in cytoplasm
  • function: provide rigid physical support for certain parts of cell (intracellular scaffolding)
A

Cytoskeleton

44
Q

What motor protein drives transport from the center of the cell toward the periphery?

A

Kinesin

45
Q

What motor protein helps in transport from the periphery to the center of the cell?

A

Dynein

46
Q

“Powerhouse of the cell” : produces atp

  • has outer and inner membrane
  • self replicative: contains own dna(pureply maternally-derived)
  • doesn’t follow genetic code
A

Mitochondria

47
Q
  • network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm
  • space inside the tubules and vesicles is fill with endoplasmic matrix
  • machinery for major metabolic functions of the cell
A

Endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q
  • also called granular endoplasmic reticulum
  • large numbers of ribosomes are attached to the
    outer surfaces
A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

49
Q

– minute granular particles

– composed of a mixture of RNA and proteins – function in protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

50
Q
  • also called agranular endoplasmic reticulum
  • has no attached ribosomes
  • functions include: detoxification of substances; synthesis of lipids
  • found in great quantities in the liver and kidneys
A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

51
Q
  • closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum
  • composed of four or more stacked layers of thin, flat,
    enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus
  • functions include: packaging of proteins; molecular tagging
  • prominent in secretory cells
A

Golgi apparatus

52
Q
  • vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus
  • intracellular digestive system for damaged cellular structures, food particles and bacteria
  • called suicide bags of cells
A

Lysosomes

53
Q

binding of calcium ions triggers __________ once the lysosomes have completed their function

A

Apoptosis

54
Q

– formed by self-replication or budding off from SER – contain oxidase and catalase enzymes
- functions include: oxidizes many poisonous substances; degrades free radicals that may damage cells

A

Peroxisomes

55
Q
  • also called secretory granules
  • formed by the ER-Golgi apparatus system
  • functions include: storage for enzymes that are not yet activated
    (proenzymes) ; replenish the plasma membrane whenever it forms phagocytic or pinocytic vesicles
A

Secretory vesicles

56
Q
  • control center of the cell

- contains large quantities of DNA (genes)

A

Nucleus

57
Q
  • also called nuclear envelope
  • two separate bilayer membranes
  • outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell cytoplasm
A

Nuclear membrane

58
Q
  • does not have a limiting membrane
  • accumulation of large amounts of RNA and ribosomal proteins
  • becomes considerably enlarged when the cell is actively synthesizing proteins
A

Nucleolus

59
Q
  • downhill concentration gradient
  • carrier mediated (yes/no)
  • no energy required
A

Passive transport

60
Q
  • uphill concentration gradient
  • carrier mediated
  • energy required
A

Active transport

61
Q
  • simple movement through the membrane
  • caused by the random motion or kinetic movement of the molecules
  • cell membrane pores
  • lipid matrix of the membrane (for lipid soluble substances)
A

Diffusion

62
Q
  • depends on amount of substance
  • kinetic movement of molecules or ions
  • Via membrane opening or intermolecular spaces
  • No interaction with carrier proteins
  • governed by Fick’s law of diffusion
A

Simple diffusion

63
Q

determined by:
• the amount of substance
• velocity of kinetic motion
• number and sizes of openings

A

Rate of diffusion

64
Q
  • predicts the rate of diffusion of molecules across a biological membrane
  • rate= (c1-c2) x (permeability coefficient/thickness) x area
A

Fick’s law of diffusion

65
Q 
– Integral cell membrane
– Form tubes through the membrane
– are always OPEN
– Selective with size and charge
– An example is Aquaporins
A

Membrane pores

Physiology (3 decks)

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