0
Q
- “internal environment”
- maintained by extracellular fluid
A
Milieu interieur
1
Q
- goal of all physiologic process
- all about balance
- usually via negative feedback
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
- 60% total body weight (42L)
- principal fluid medium if the cell
- present in most cells except in fat cells
A
Water
3
Q
40% total body weight (28L)
Potassium
A
Intracellular fluid
4
Q
20% of total body weight (14L)
Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
A
Extracellular fluid
5
Q
1/4 of extracellular fluid
A
Plasma
6
Q
3/4 of extracellular fluid
A
Interstitial fluid
7
Q
- transport of fluid in the body
- At rest: covered in one minute
- under active condition: 6x increase
A
Circulatory system
8
Q
- dissolved nutrients are absorbed and transported
- some require modification by liver
A
Gut
9
Q
Filters and ensures that you are 60% water
A
Kidneys
10
Q
Kinetic movements of fluid and dissolved molecules
A
Diffusion
11
Q
Release hormone into blood stream
A
Hormone system
12
Q
- WBC
- lymphoid tissues
- distinguish own cell from foreign cells and substances
- phagocytosis or by producing sensitized lymphocytes or specialized proteins
A
Immune system
13
Q
- boundary between body’s internal envt and outside world
- temperature regulation and waste secretion
A
Integumentary system
14
Q
Series of changes that return the factor toward a certain mean value , thus maintaining homeostasis
A
Negative feedback system
15
Q
Depends on oxygen-buffering function of hemoglobin
A
Oxygen concentration
16
Q
High concentration stimulates the respiratory center to increase breathing
A
Carbon dioxide concentration
17
Q
Control of blood pressure
A
Baroreceptor system
18
Q
- Degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant condition
- gain= correction / error
A
Gain of control system
19
Q
- mostly negative in nature
- effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
A
Feedback mechanism
20
Q
- blood clotting, nerve signaling, child birth
A
Positive feedback
21
Q
- “adaptive control”
- used by cns to determine if a certain muscle contraction/movement is performed correctly
- form of delayed negative feedback
A
Feed-forward control
22
Q
- basic unit of life
- highly dynamic entity
- principle of biogenesis
- almost all in eukaryotic are nucleated
A
Cell
23
Q
- collective term for different substances that make up the cell
- composed mainly of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
A
Protoplasm
24
- inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions
| - necessary for operation of some of the cellular control mechanisms
Electrolytes/ions
25
- 10%-20% of cell mass
| - structural/functional __________
Proteins
26
Long intracellular filaments that form microtubules and fibrillar proteins
Structural proteins
27
Composed of combinations of a few molecules in tubular-globular form
Functional proteins
28
- non-polar
- soluble in fat solvents but insoluble in water
- phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides
Lipids
29
Forms the cell membrane and membrane barriers
Phospholipids and cholesterol
30
Storehouse of energy-giving nutrients
Triglycerides
31
- little structural function in the cell except as part of glycoprotein molecule
- plays major role in cellularnutrition
Carbohydrates
32
- thin, pliable, elastic structure
- mostly proteins and lipids
- lipid bilayer
Cell/plasma membrane
33
Selective transport of molecules in and out of cell
Membrane transport protein
34
Via cell surface antigens
Cell recognition
35
Through neurotransmitter, hormone receptor, and signal transduction pathway
Cell communication
36
- proposed by signer and nicolson
- cell membrane = phospholipid bilayer
- proteins and other substances embedded
Fluid mosaic model
37
- hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
| - amphipathic molecules
Phospholipid bilayer
38
- anchored and embedded in the cell m membrane through hydrophobic interactions
- target of many disease processes and drugs
Integral proteins
39
- not embedded in cell membrane
- not covalently bound to membrane components
- loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions
Peripheral proteins
40
- loose carbohydrate coat of the cell membrane
- function: imparts a negative electrical charge, attachment to other cells, receptor substances for binding hormones, immune reactions
- only found outside the cell; electostatic
Glycocalyx
41
- dissolved in membrane bilayer
- determine degree of permeability if bilayer to water-soluble constituents
- controls membrane fluidity
Cholesterol
42
- specialized cellular subunit found in the cytoplasm that has a specific function
- usually membrane bound
Cellular organelles
43
- with fibrillar proteins synthesized by ribosomes in cytoplasm
- function: provide rigid physical support for certain parts of cell (intracellular scaffolding)
Cytoskeleton
44
What motor protein drives transport from the center of the cell toward the periphery?
Kinesin
45
What motor protein helps in transport from the periphery to the center of the cell?
Dynein
46
"Powerhouse of the cell" : produces atp
- has outer and inner membrane
- self replicative: contains own dna(pureply maternally-derived)
- doesn't follow genetic code
Mitochondria
47
- network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm
- space inside the tubules and vesicles is fill with endoplasmic matrix
- machinery for major metabolic functions of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
48
- also called granular endoplasmic reticulum
- large numbers of ribosomes are attached to the
outer surfaces
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
49
– minute granular particles
| – composed of a mixture of RNA and proteins – function in protein synthesis
Ribosomes
50
- also called agranular endoplasmic reticulum
- has no attached ribosomes
- functions include: detoxification of substances; synthesis of lipids
- found in great quantities in the liver and kidneys
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
51
- closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum
- composed of four or more stacked layers of thin, flat,
enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus
- functions include: packaging of proteins; molecular tagging
- prominent in secretory cells
Golgi apparatus
52
- vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus
- intracellular digestive system for damaged cellular structures, food particles and bacteria
- called suicide bags of cells
Lysosomes
53
binding of calcium ions triggers __________ once the lysosomes have completed their function
Apoptosis
54
– formed by self-replication or budding off from SER – contain oxidase and catalase enzymes
- functions include: oxidizes many poisonous substances; degrades free radicals that may damage cells
Peroxisomes
55
- also called secretory granules
- formed by the ER-Golgi apparatus system
- functions include: storage for enzymes that are not yet activated
(proenzymes) ; replenish the plasma membrane whenever it forms phagocytic or pinocytic vesicles
Secretory vesicles
56
- control center of the cell
| - contains large quantities of DNA (genes)
Nucleus
57
- also called nuclear envelope
- two separate bilayer membranes
- outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell cytoplasm
Nuclear membrane
58
- does not have a limiting membrane
- accumulation of large amounts of RNA and ribosomal proteins
- becomes considerably enlarged when the cell is actively synthesizing proteins
Nucleolus
59
- downhill concentration gradient
- carrier mediated (yes/no)
- no energy required
Passive transport
60
- uphill concentration gradient
- carrier mediated
- energy required
Active transport
61
- simple movement through the membrane
- caused by the random motion or kinetic movement of the molecules
- cell membrane pores
- lipid matrix of the membrane (for lipid soluble substances)
Diffusion
62
- depends on amount of substance
- kinetic movement of molecules or ions
- Via membrane opening or intermolecular spaces
- No interaction with carrier proteins
- governed by Fick's law of diffusion
Simple diffusion
63
determined by:
• the amount of substance
• velocity of kinetic motion
• number and sizes of openings
Rate of diffusion
64
- predicts the rate of diffusion of molecules across a biological membrane
- rate= (c1-c2) x (permeability coefficient/thickness) x area
Fick's law of diffusion
65
```
– Integral cell membrane
– Form tubes through the membrane
– are always OPEN
– Selective with size and charge
– An example is Aquaporins
```
Membrane pores
Physiology
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