Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is research?
A
systematic investigation to discover/explain new knowledge
2
Q
Definition of epistemology:
A
branch of philosophy focusing on defining what knowledge is, what can be known, and if it is possible to know anything with certainty
3
Q
What is empiricism?
A
observation by senses
4
Q
What is idealism?
A
intuition
5
Q
What is rationalism?
A
a “system of thinking”
6
Q
Define constructivism.
A
belief that knowledge is generated from subjective representations of objective realities
7
Q
Explain the cycle of inquiry or the research process.
A
- Make an observation
- Ask a broad question about the observation
- Review previous research
- Refine/ask a question
- Formulate objectives
- Design the best way to meet objectives
- Make an observation
- Analyze data and report results
8
Q
Who was King Nebuchadnezzar and what role did he play in health research?
A
- Babylonian from 605 BCE
- first known medical trial, in which one group of boys ate red meat and wine and the other group had beans and water
- the health of each group was compared
9
Q
Who was Hippocrates?
A
- 460 to 377 BCE
- first recorded rational explanation of disease
- observed disease occurs at population and individual levels, concluding there must be something contributing to illness that was in “air, water, places” to which populations were exposed
10
Q
John Grant was…
A
- a non-clinician/tradesman who lived from 1620-1674 and routinely collected data on births and deaths to quantify patterns of disease in the population
- one of first epidemiology experts, generated many stat. methods still used
- mortality during bubonic plague times
11
Q
Who was John Snow?
A
- 1813-1858
- obstetrician/anesthesiologist
- investigated cholera outbreak in London, 1854 which was critical to public health
12
Q
Rudolf Virchow was…
A
- 1821-1902
- physician who did pathological anatomy work showing that disease manifests at cellular level, not organ level
- launched cellular pathology field, led us to modern understanding of biology
- advocated medical practice should move from theoretical to systematic clinical observations
13
Q
Who was Emile Durkhem?
A
- 1858-1917
- sociologist/social psychologist known for suicide observations
- documented disease outcomes (suicide, in his case) from observations of a large case series from his practice
- disease classification and observations that informed treatment approaches
14
Q
Sir Bradford Hill was…
A
- 1897-1991
- developed: Hill’s criteria for determining causal association
- published preliminary report on cigarette smoke and lung cancer in the 1950s (“Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung”
15
Q
What are the qualities of good study objectives?
A
Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time-bound
