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Medical Conditions > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  • abnormal function or a change in normal structure
  • can involve any body part, structure and/or system
  • example ; lung disease
A

Disease

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2
Q

-interference or disruption of normal function
-can involve any body structure
EX: nutritional disorder

A

Disorder

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3
Q

-sickness or an abnormal process leading to impaired or diminished function
EX: terminal illness

A

Illness

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4
Q

The terms are very closely related, all refer to a state of sickness, and are often used interchangeably

A

Disease, disorder, illness

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5
Q

Group of signs, symptoms, laboratory findings, test results, and functional disturbances that, when occurring together, point to a specific condition

A

Syndrome

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6
Q

Pain, burning, tingling, and numbness of the hand and wrist, and a positive Phalen’s test are indications of

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

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7
Q

Defined as an objective finding or manifestation that is apparent to the examiner and which can be observed or measured

EX: fever, vomiting, rash

A

Sign

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8
Q

The recognition and naming of a medical condition is called

A

Diagnosis

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9
Q

The act of touching ones senses to look, carefully watch, attentively listen to the patient, and touch his skin

A

Observation

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10
Q

The act of using a stethoscope to listen for sounds within the body, to assess the condition of various body parts

A

Ausculation

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11
Q

The act of tapping the body with fingertips or a fist to create sounds, to assess the size, consistency and border edges of some internal organs, and or to evaluate the amount of fluid in a body cavity

A

Percussion

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12
Q

The act of applying pressure with the hands to feel the location, size, texture, and consistency of body parts and abnormalities

A

Palpatation

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13
Q

Refers to a plan of care that is put in place to manage a medical condition

A

Treatment

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14
Q

treatment focuses on pre-disease testing to help prevent the development of serious illness

EX: blood pressure screening, routine fecal testing for colon cancer

A

Preventive

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15
Q

treatment manages symptoms associated with an illness, but it does not cure the illness - pain management is often the most common focus of ________ treatment

A

palliative

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16
Q

the prediction and estimation of a probably outcome and the chance for recovery is called

A

prognosis

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17
Q

prognosis might be altered if the patient develops a

A

complication

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18
Q

when prediction a prognosis, the healthcare practitioner considers two other evidence-based factors

A

survival rate & mortality rate

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19
Q

survival rate is

A

the percentage of people with the same illness, who live for a set period of time

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20
Q

mortality rate

A

conditions that are fatal (lead to death)

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21
Q

pathology

A

the science and study of diseases

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22
Q

an agent or a microorganism that causes illness or disease
all organisms have the ability and potential to cause illness or disease (ie. viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoans)

A

pathogen

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23
Q

the study of origins, sources, and factors that cause a medical condition is called

A

etiology

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24
Q

there is no known cause for the condition

A

idiopathic

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25
Q

a secondary condition that is caused by a prescribed medical treatment (ie. skin burns, secondary to radiation therapy)

A

iatrogenic

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26
Q

the condition is. acquired while in a healthcare setting (ie. a post-operative wound infection)

A

nosocomial

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27
Q

the condition is secondary to a pre-existing disease (ie. bone fracture that is secondary to osteoporosis or bone cancer)

A

pathologic

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28
Q

an acute illness

A

generally has a sudden onset and is of short duration

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29
Q

chronic illness

A

condition that lasts for an extended period and/or a condition in which symptoms and the healing process are long-term and prolonged

some chronic illness can last a lifetime

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30
Q

a healthcare provider who specializes in the study of disease - trained to examine cells, tissues, and various body specimens

A

pathologists

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31
Q

examines body fluids for evidence of microorganisms

A

microbiologist

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32
Q

analyzes blood for evidence of disease

A

hematologist

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33
Q

studies and examines antigens and antibodies

A

immunologist

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34
Q

inspects and analyzes tissues and biopsies obtained during surgery, for evidence of disease

A

surgical pathologist

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35
Q

examines the body post-mortem to establish a cause of death and to provide evidence of criminal involvement if required

A

coroner

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36
Q

suturing the laceration is an example of

A

a treatment

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37
Q

an example of a non-modifiable risk factor is

A

heredity

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38
Q

when hand-washing, hand should be wet before applying soap T/F?

A

TRUE

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39
Q

the specialist who examines antigens and antibodies is

A

an immunologist

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40
Q

the lessening or resolution of symptoms is called exacerbation

A

false

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41
Q

a syndrome is a

A

a group of sign and symptoms

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42
Q

viruses and bacteria are examples of

A

pathogens

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43
Q

hands must be washed

A

before donning, and after removing gloves

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44
Q

symptoms are subjective findings T/F?

A

true

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45
Q

the statement “you will feel better in a week” is

A

a prognosis

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46
Q

physical injury secondary to external forces such as violent or disruptive actions is labelled

A

trauma

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47
Q

a dynamic screening of the patients’ emergent needs to maximize the wellness and survival of patients

A

triage

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48
Q

the body’s immune response to irritation or injury is called

A

inflammation

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49
Q

congenital abnormalities

A

may not be compatible with life

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50
Q

the term used for cell growth that differs in size, shape and appearance is

A

dysplasia

51
Q

all neoplasms are malignant T/F?

A

false

52
Q

cold, black, shriveled necrotic tissue is

A

dry gangrene

53
Q

antibodies are foreign antigens

A

false

54
Q

skin inflammation is characterized by

A

redness, warmth, swelling and pain

55
Q

anoxia is defined as

A

the absence of oxygen

56
Q

the decrease in the size of cells is called

A

atrophy

57
Q

ischemia is caused by a temporary drop in cell and itssue oxygenation T/F?

A

true

58
Q

the most common effect of immunodeficiency is

A

the recurrence of infections

59
Q

often follows crush injuries, burns, frostbite, and persistent and prolonged pressure to an area
marked by wet drainage from the area, rapid decomposition, and a very foul odour
can quickly spread to surrounding tissue, and carries a significant risk of infection

A

WET gangrene

60
Q

insidious, develops gradually, and occurs when blood flow has been sluggish for a long period before the occurrence of necrosis
most often affects the diabetic patient’s extremities (ie.feet and toes), and is characterized by cold, shrivdeled black tissue that dries and falls off

A

DRY gangrene

61
Q

develops in infected soft tissue after injury or surgery
this type of _____ is caused by bacterium
symptoms include acute pain, swelling and tenderness of the area, and fever

A

GAS gangrene

62
Q

the conversion of a normal cell into a different type of cell, in response to chronic injury is defined as

A

metaplasia

63
Q

an alteration in cell growth that causes cells to differ in size, shape and appearance is called

A

dysplasia

64
Q

refers to the development of new types of cells with uncontrolled growth patterns
these cells may be benign or malignant

A

neoplasia

65
Q

temporary deficiency is prolonged or becomes permanent, cell death will ensue - cell death is called

A

necrosis

66
Q

when cells in the tissue/organ are necrotic, the tissue/organ becomes necrotic and is called an

A

infarct

infarcts are permanent and cannot be reversed

67
Q

refers to the absence of oxygen

A

anoxia

68
Q

diminished oxygen is called

A

hypoxia

69
Q

shrinkage in the size of the cell is called

A

atrophy

70
Q

increase in the size of the cell is called

A

hypertrophy

71
Q

increase in the number of cells

A

hyperplasia

72
Q

hypersensitive reaction to a common substance that is usually harmless in patients with intact immune systems

A

allergies

73
Q

refers to an abnormal condition that occurs when the body attacks itself by reacting against normal components of its own tissues
the body misidentifies its own harmless antigens and as such, antibodies are formed to attack these normal, intrinsic, harmless antigens

A

autoimmunity

74
Q

refers to the body’s decreased ability to effectively respond to pathogens and infection
this is due to a compromise and/or reduction in the number of white blood cells and other disease fighting cells in the body

A

immunodeficiency

75
Q

a new formation of abnormal cells that grow at the expense of healthy cells and itssues

A

neoplasm

76
Q

growth is limited and non-recurrent, it is no n-cancerous and is not life-threatening

A

benign

77
Q

invasive tumour that grows uncontrollably with finger-like projections, can metastasize (spread) to surrounding tissue, is harmful and can lead to death

A

malignant

78
Q

a malignant tumour is called

A

cancer

79
Q

a condition that results from insufficient intake of food, or an inadequate intake of foods with nutritive value

A

undernutrition

80
Q

patients who are vitamin-deficient are diagnosed with

A

hypovitaminosis

81
Q

those who consume excessive amounts of fat-soluble vitamins for an extended period of time may be diagnosed with

A

hypervitaminosis

82
Q

new growth of cells

A

neoplasm

83
Q

what are the two basic methods used in the early classifications of neoplasms?

A
  1. appearance and growth pattern

2. tissue of origin

84
Q

the term ____ refers to an invasive growth with the potential for metastasis (spread)

A

malignant

85
Q

malignant neoplasms are generally called _____ and are usually managed with surgical intervention, chemotherapy and/or radiation

A

cancer

86
Q

bone, muscle, cartilage, fat

A

connective tissue

87
Q

skin, glands, and the lining of vessels and body cavities

A

epithelial tissue

88
Q

lung, pancreas, brain, bladder

A

blood and lymphatic sites, and various structures and organ tissues

89
Q

benign tumours generally use terms that end with the suffix

A

-oma

90
Q

malignant tumours are identified with the suffix

A

-sarcomoa OR -carcinoma

91
Q

benign bone tumour

A

osteOMA

92
Q

malignant bone tumour

A

osteoSARCOMA

93
Q

benign muscle tumour

A

myOMA

94
Q

malignant muscle tumour

A

myoSARCOMA

95
Q

benign cartilage tumour

A

chondrOMA

96
Q

malignant cartilage tumour

A

chondroSARCOMA

97
Q

benign adipose tissue (fat) tumour

A

lipOMA

98
Q

malignant adipose tissue (fat) tumour

A

lipoSARCOMA

99
Q

benign gland tumour

A

adenOMA

100
Q

malignant gland tumour

A

adenoCARCINOMA

101
Q

sarcomas are

A

malignant tumours that originate in connective tissue (bone, muscle, cartilage, fat) they spread rapidly and are highly malignant

102
Q

carcinomas are

A

malignant tumours that most often develop in the epithelial tissue (glands, skin, the protective lining of vessels, body cavities, and organs), and infiltrate surrounding areas - they can develop and spread to almost any organ or body party including the lungs, stomach, bowel, breast, cervix ,and prostate

103
Q

glioma

A

any brain tumour (neurological cells)

104
Q

malignant melanoma

A

malignant skin cancer (skin cells)

105
Q

leukemia

A

malignant cancer of the blood (blood cells)

106
Q

lymphoma

A

malignant tumour of lymphatic tissue (lymph cells)

107
Q

a list of conditions and illnesses for which a drug should not be administered

A

contraindications

ex- Aspirin is contraindicated and should not be given to those who take anticoagulant medications (blood thinners)

108
Q

the types of patients or conditions and illnesses that warrant close observation for potential side effects

A

cautions

ex- Aspirin should be used cautiously in the patient with a previous history of gastric or bleeding ulcer

109
Q

also called adverse effects - a potentially long list of secondary effects which are unpleasant or dangerous

A

side effects

ex- Aspirin can cause an allergic rash, nausea heartburn, flushing, bleeding

110
Q

a list of medications or foods which may negatively impact the drug’s effect, and which should be avoided

A

interactions

ex- the effects of Aspirin can be altered when taken with high doses of antacids, other anti-inflammatory drugs, garlic, and clove

111
Q

the study of medications and includes a variety if sub-topics

A

pharmacology

112
Q

the relationship between the properties of the drug and what the drugs do to the body

A

pharmacodynamics

113
Q

the drug only affects the area where it is applied

A

local effect

114
Q

the effect of the medication is widespread throughout the body

A

systemic effect

115
Q

the smallest possible amount to produce the drug’s desirable effect

A

minimal dose

116
Q

an initial high dose that is administered to elevate the drug level in the blood

A

loading dose

the loading dose is only administered once

117
Q

the amount of drug needed to keep the drug’s effect at a steady level in the blood, while keeping its desired effect

A

maintenance dose

118
Q

the manufacturer’s recommended dose which has proven to meet the desired effect
this is often adjusted according to the patients body weight

A

therapeutic dose

119
Q

the amount of drug that produces unwanted, harmful and hazardous side effects, and produces poisoning

A

toxic dose

120
Q

the overly-high dose that results in death

A

lethal dose

121
Q

is also called biotransformation

A

metabolism

122
Q

enteral

A

administered within or by way of the gastrointestinal tract

123
Q

parenteral

A

commonly administered via injection

124
Q

topical

A

application of drugs to body surfaces

Medical Conditions (4 decks)

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