Module 1 Flashcards
Drug
Any chemical that affects the physiologic process of a living organism
Pharmacology
Study of drugs
Science of preparing & dispensing drugs, including dosage form design(dosage form determines rate of which dissolution occurs; capsule-GI track, solution-GI track).
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug & all metabolites have left the body (Absorption, distribution-transport of drug by blood stream to site of action, metabolism aka biotransformation, excretion)
Pharmacodynamics
The study of the biochemical & physiologic interactions of drugs in their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs & their pharmoacologic interactions with the body receptors.
pharmacogenomics
Study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundunce, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes.
pharmacoeconomics
Study of economic factors impact the cost of drug therapy.
pharmacotherapeutics
The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs.
pharmacognosy
The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant & animal sources.
toxicology
the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, & applicable treatments.
additive effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone( 1+1=2)
Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication.
Adverse drug event
A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs
Adverse effect
Any unexpected, unintended, undesired , or excessive response to a medication given at the therapeutic dosages.
Adverse drug reaction
Agonist
a drug that binds to & stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.
An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event.
Allergic reactions
A drug that binds to & inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Also called inhibitors.
Antagonist
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone(1+1= less than 2) It is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another.
Antagonistic effect
Bioavailability
A measure of the extent of drug aborption for a given drug & route(from 0-100%).
One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Occurs mainly in the liver & produces a metabolite that is either active or inactive(aka metabolism).
Biotransformation
Any condition, especially one related to a a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable
Contraindication
A general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism &drug interactions
Cytochrome P-430
A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug.
Dependence
The processes involved in the interaction between a drug & body cells.
Drug action
The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs.
Drug-induced teratogenesis
The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response.
Duration of Action
The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream.
First-pass effect
A hereditary condition in which red blood cells breakdown when the body is exposed to certain drugs.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) deficiency
The time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduce by 50%.
Half-life
The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs.
Incompatibility
Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm.
Medication error
A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical(metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive. Inactive metabolites lack pharmoacologic activity & are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body(urination,BM,respiration)
Metabolite