module 1-8 Flashcards
the region where nuclear fusion takes place
the core
energy is transported outward primarily by photons travelling trhough this region
radiation zone
energy is transported through convection hot gas rises, erradiates their energy, and becomes cold
convection zone
the layer of the sun that we see from the earth
photosphere
emits a reddish glow as super hydrogen burns off
chromosphere
it appears as white streamers or plumes of ionized gas that flow outward into space
corona
darker, cooler area of the sun
sunspot
regular released of short lived outburst from the sun
solar flares
smallest planet and nearest to the sun
mercury
is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe
cosmology
are formed in nebula
stars
is a very large cloud of gas and dust in space
nebula
is the process by which two nuclei combine and form heavier element
nuclear fushion
is a cluster of billion of stars and cluster of galaxies
galaxies
he announce the red shift theory that galaxies are moving away from each other
1929 edwin hubble
is a faint glow of light that fills the universe
cosmic microwave background
the brightest object in the sun and called earth’s twin
venus
the only planet who can sustain life (Blue Planet)
Earth
also known as the red planet because of iron oxide or rust in its soil
mars
the largest planet and has 16 moons
jupiter
composed entirely of hydrogen and helium and has many rings made of ice
saturn
blue in color sue to methane gas
uranus and neptune
is the layer of the atmosphere nearest to the earth. All weather happens here
troposphere
contains high level of Ozone layer. almost no weather occurance here
stratosphere
coldest layer of the atmosphere. meteors burns up in this layer
mesosphere
hottest layer of the atmosphere. aurora happens here
thermosphere
outermost layer of the atmosphere. satellites orbits here
exosphere
thinnest layer of the earth
crust
is the boundary between the crust and mantle and was dicovered by Andrija Mohorovicic
Mohorovicic Discontinuity
solid but capable of flow. thickest layer of the earth
mantle
lies between planets silicate mantle
gutenberg discontinuity
composed of melted metals nickel and iron
outer core
is an absurt increase of S waves and P waves
Lehmann discontinuity
is the most abundant substance of the earth’s surface
water
is the study of movement, distribution and quality of water in earth
hydrology
study of fresh water
limnology
study of ice on the earth
glaciology
study of oceans
oceanography
is the smallest ocean. located between europe and asia
arctic ocean
located between 60 degree south latitude of antarctica
southern ocean
between africa, southern ocean, asia
indian ocean
the largest ocean of the world
pacific ocean
refers to standing bodies of water (lakes, ponds)
lentic
refers to flowing bodies of water
lotic
process which transfers water from the ground back to the atmosphere
evaporation
moisture is carried thorough plants
transpiration
water changes its state from vapor to a liquid
condensation
the clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth
precipitation
the process where water soaks into the ground
infiltration
physical features of the earth’s surface that are constantly changing
land forms
the weathering process that causes substances that make up the rock to be changed
chemical
small particles that have been broken down by the weathering processes
sediments
can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reasons that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so
dark matter
can explain the observed accelerating expansion of universe
dark energy
large mounds of sand formed by wind erosion
dunes
formed by natural process on or inside the earth
natural
was never alive
inorganic
a mineral is a naturally occuring, inorganic, solid, etc
mineral
with definite shape and volume
solid
contains certain element
unique chemical composition
the particles of a mineral line up in a pattern
crytalline shape
solid with atoms arranged in an orderly pattern
crystal
magma cools slowly
crystals large
magma cools fast
crystals small
can be misleading
color
refers to the mineral reflects light from the surface
luster
color of powder form of mineral
streak
the way mineral breaks
cleavage and fracture
break along smooth surfaces
cleavage
break at rough surfaces
fracture
how easily mineral scratches
hardness
forms when molten rock magma cools down and harden
igneous rock
cooling takes place SLOWLY BENEATH earth surface
intrusive igneous rock
cooling takes place RAPIDLY on earth’s surface
extrusive igneous rock
forms from the compaction or cementations of sediments
sedimentary rock
forms when any rock is changed into a different kind of rock due to great heat and pressure
metamorphic rock
is an ongoing series of processes inside the earth and on earth surface
rock cycle
the weathering process that changes rock to smaller pieces without changing their composition
Mechanical or physical weathering
Water freezes in the cracks of rock and wedges pushes it apart because frozen water expands
Frost or Ice wedging
the wearing away of rock material by grinding action. it is caused by sediments
abrasion
sand blasting effect on stationary rock
wind abrasion
water and sediments flowing from border
hydraulic abrasion
can split rock and dig hole
plant and animal abrasion
gradual peeling of layers
exfoliation
the weathering process that causes substances that make up the rock to be changed
chemical weathering
change in the composition of minerals when they react to water
hydrolysis
weathering the details of statues and tombstone
acid rain
minerals with iron result in a formation of rust and iron oxide
oxidation
areas that are cold and dry tend to have slow rates of chemical weathering
climate
the minerals that constitute rocks have different susceptibilities to weathering
rock type
is the removal and transport of material from one place to another
erosion
is a huge force of erosion
gravity
is any type of erosion that happens as gravity moves material down a slope
mass movement
is the most destructive type of mass movement. it is when rock and soil slide quickly down a steep slope
landslide
is arapid down hill movement of water, rock, and soil.
mudflow
is a mass of rock and soil suddenly slips down a slope
slump
is a very slow downhill movement of rock and soil
creep
is the process where wind blows loose sediment, removing small particles
deflation
is sediment that are deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake building up landform
delta
energy is transferred from one body to another as a result of difference in temperature
heat
the internal heat energy that gradually gathered together by means of dispersion
primordial heat
the heat generated by the decay of radio active isotopes of elements
radiogenic heat
heat moving from a warmer object to a cooler object
thermal energy transfer
atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neurons
isotopes
heat is transfered from one body to another without the movement of an object
conduction
is the movement that transfers heat within fluids and air
convection
is the energy transfer by electromagnetic waves
radiation
the theory that the earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into dozen or pieces
plate tectonic theory
is a large rigid slab of slodi rock
plate
he is a meteorologist and astronomer
Alfred Wegner
who tought the continets fit together in 1912
ALFRED WEGNER
one land mass
pangaea
the northern part of pangaea
laurasia
southern part of pangea
gondwanaland
one sea or all sea
panthalassa n
the process that continually add new material to the ocean floor pushing older rock
sea floor spreading
determine how many years old something is
absolute
used to determine if something is older or younger
relative
naturally occuring preserved remains or impression of living things
fossils
age of bacteria
Pre Cambrian
Age of the Fish. Pangaea. Life Appears on Land
Paleozoic era
Almost all marine
organisms came into
existence
development of
organisms having the
ability to secrete calcium
carbonate and calcium
phosphate
Cambrian Period
Marks the
earliest
appearance of
vertebrates
The Jawless
fish and the
agnatha
Ordovician Period
Brought about the
emergence of
terrestrial life
Air breathing
scorpions and
millipedes were
common during the
period
Silurian Period
Shark and bony fishes developed
Devonian Period
Insects under rapid
evolution led to diverse
forms of giant
cockroaches and
dragonflies
Carboniferous period
Reptiles started to
dominate
PErmian Period
Age of the Reptiles. Pangaea broke apart during this period
Mesozoic
Dinosaurs began
to flourish
Jurassic Period
*Ended with the extinction of
dinasaurs
Cretaceous Period
Age of the Mammals”
Life: Large mammals
appear, Humans appear
CEnozoic
a big whirling mass of strong winds and rain moving in counter clockwise
trophical cyclone
semi organized group of thunderstorms
torpical depressions
during this time, the storm itself become more organized and bigins to become more circular in shape
tropical storm
eye develops
tropical typhoon
signal no 1
expected in 36 hours
has a wind of 30-60km per hour
signal no. 2
expected within 24 hours
has a wind of 61km to 120km per hour
it can bring light to moderate damage to high risk structures
signal no 2
signal no 3
winds of 121-170km per hour
expected in 18 hours
signal no 4
expected within 12 hours
has a wind of 171-185km per hour
signal no 5
has a wind of more than 220kmph
expected within 12 hours
when the discharge of a storm becomes so great that it exceeds the capacity of its channel
flooding
sweep accross the coast near the point where the eye makes landfall
storm surge
for some structure the force of the wind is sufficient to caused total ruin
wind damage
typhoon priginates from
pacific ocean
