module 1+4: good chris questions:) Flashcards
All genetic variation results in phenotypic variation but not all phenotypic variation results from genetic variation
false
The nucleus of the eukaryotic cell likely originated via endosymbiosis
false
You have found two morphologically diverged forms of Mormon crickets and show that when mated in the lab, they can produce viable offspring. You should conclude that these two forms are the same species
false
New variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus seem to arise from the previously dominant variant
false
For vertebrates the molecular clock cannot be successfully calibrated with the fossil record
false
The high frequency of the genetic condition porphyria variegate in the white Afrikaaner population is an example of founder effect
true
Genetic drift results from the movement of genes from one place to another
false
Sometimes, traits favoured by sexual selection would seem to decrease the survival of the individuals bearing them
true
Continental drift was associated with a dramatic increase in the rate of speciation primarily through vicariance
false
The problem with studying evolution n cities is that each city is unique so we are unlikely to see convergent evolution in response to urbanization
false
Mammals underwent an adaptive radiation after the extinction of many dinosaur lineages. Why?
Because continental drift caused a high rate of mammalian speciation via vicariance
Plants had recently colonized land, creating new niches for animals
Because the extinction of dinosaurs left a variety of niches vacant that could be filled by new mammal species
The asteroid that caused dinosaur extinction caused global cooling which allowed warm-blooded mammals to outcompete cold-blooded dinosaurs
Because the extinction of dinosaurs left a variety of niches vacant that could be filled by new mammal species
Which of the following factors might not contribute to slower evolution of resistance by viruses to vaccines than to anti-viral medication?
Vaccines suppress viruses at the beginning of an infection when virus populations are large whereas anti-virals are usually administered when infection is well under way and virus populations are small
With vaccination, the agent of selection is the immune system and each host will mount a somewhat different immune response to viral infection, whereas the mode of action by anti-virals is the same in all patients
Circumventing a vaccine may require more genetic changes than resistance to an anti-viral medication
Vaccines suppress viruses at the beginning of an infection when virus populations are large whereas anti-virals are usually administered when infection is well under way and virus populations are small
You’ve been studying natural selection on body size in the fall peeper, a small frog that hatches in the spring from eggs laid the previous fall, grows all summer, reproduces and lays eggs in late October, and then dies. In summer 2020, you measured body size of a very large sample of male peepers and you return in the fall to measure the body size of males that you observe in the act of mating with females. Which of these results suggest would stabilizing selection on body size?
No difference in mean body size but the variability of body size is lower in fall than summer
The mean body size is higher in the summer than in the fall but there is no difference in variability between samples
Both the mean and the variability in body size is similar between summer and fall samples
Both the mean and the variability in body size is higher in the summer sample than in the fall sample
No difference in mean body size but the variability of body size is lower in fall than summer
You have planted 200 experimental populations of the annual plant morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) that are polymorphic for flower colour and the polymorphism involves a single locus with two alleles (the alleles are referred to as “P” and “W”). You allocate the populations to 2 experimental groups. The first group consists of 100 populations, each including 12 plants. By randomly removing excess seedlings from these populations, you make sure that these populations remain at a constant size of 12 individuals each. The second group also consists of 100 populations, each with 120 plants. Again, you randomly remove seedlings to ensure a constant size of 120 for each population. Incomplete dominance of the two flower colour alleles allows you to estimate allele frequencies. At the start of the experiment every population has equal frequencies of the two flower colour alleles. At the beginning of each generation, you score all the plants in each population for flower colour and calculate allele frequencies. Which of the following statements describes the expected result from this experiment?
(i) For each population, the frequencies of the P and R alleles will fluctuate randomly between generations.
(ii) The frequency of the P allele, averaged across all populations, will increase from generation to generation.
(iii) Some populations may lose the P allele altogether.
(iv) None of the populations will lose the W allele.
(v) At the end of the experiment, populations of 120 plants will tend to still contain both the P allele and the W allele more often than populations of 12 plants.
i, iii & v
You are interested in the evolution of insecticide resistance and have been maintaining an experimental population of mosquitoes in the lab. You do an experiment where you spray them with a 0.5% solution of DDT (an insecticide) before the mosquitoes reach sexual maturity and note that 60% of the population dies. You then allow the surviving mosquitoes to mate and lay eggs. You raise the progeny under the exact same environmental conditions as you raised the parents and then spray the progeny with the same DDT solution. This time, 60% of them die. Which of the following statements is supported by these results?
There was no phenotypic variation in resistance among individuals in the parental generation
There was no variation in fitness among individuals in the parental generation
There was no genetic variation in resistance in the parental generation
There was genetic variation but no phenotypic variation in resistance in the parental generation
There was no genetic variation in resistance in the parental generation
Human activities have increased the cloudiness of the water in Lake Victoria which has been the site of an explosive adaptive radiation of cichlid fish, driven in part by sexual selection on mating colouration. From what we discussed about these fish in the video lecture, what is the likely outcome of this disturbance?
Stronger reproductive isolation between closely related species
A decreased frequency of hybridization
Evolution of reinforcement
An increased frequency of hybridization
An increased frequency of hybridization
Lucky you, you’ve landed a job working on coral reef conservation in Australia and are studying the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtle. You’ve managed to capture 100 hatchling turtles and have genotyped each at a protein-encoding locus that exhibits two alleles (called S and Q). Here are the genotype numbers among your sample of turtles: 25 SS, 50 SQ, 25 QQ. Which of the following statements is the best interpretation of these data?
The population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
It is not possible to determine if this population is at Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The population is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
The population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Which of the following types of trait character changes provide the most information for testing hypotheses about the evolutionary phylogeny of species?
Shared ancestral character states
Shared derived character states
DNA sequence variation
Character states unique to individual species
Shared derived character states
When unrelated species have very similar traits that help them persist in similar environments, biologists refer to this as
Paedomorphosis
Homology
Adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution
convergent evolution
You are the biologist in charge of managing mountain lions in Banff National Park and have overseen the construction of wildlife tunnels that allow these big cats to safely cross major highways. At a meeting with the Ministry of Transportation, a high-ranking official is arguing that the tunnel program has not been effective because trail cameras mounted on both ends of existing tunnels show that very few mountian lions actually use these tunnels each year. Accordingly, these tunnels are probably ineffective at preventing genetic subdivision of the mountain lion population caused by roads. Based on what you have learned in BIOL103, what is the best response to this statement?
Agree with the statement because gene flow in well-studied species is usually over only very short distances
It does not take much gene flow to prevent genetic differentiation, thus the tunnels are serving their intended purpose
In response, suggest that the number of tunnels be doubled because it takes considerable gene flow to prevent genetic differentiation
The best response is to agree with this statement
It does not take much gene flow to prevent genetic differentiation, thus the tunnels are serving their intended purpose
In competition for resources a strategy that uses aggression to win is not always favoured by natural selection
true
Anna Hargreaves found that the elevational range of Rhinanthus minor in the Canadian Rocky Mountains was limited by low fitness
true
Based on the results of species translocation experiments, species distribution models will accurately predict how quickly species will shift their geographic ranges
false
Pollination of flowers by animals is a universal example of mutualism
false
Parental care behaviour should always evolve to maximize the fitness of individual offspring
false
The combination of low temperature and high precipitation gives rise to the tundra biome
false
Inclusive fitness is the component of fitness derived from the survival and reproductive success of relatives
false
When two species compete, their fundamental niches are usually smaller than their realized niches
false
The concept of maximum sustainable yield has resulted in fish stocks being harvested sustainably
false
Wood is a carbon-neutral fuel because, unlike fossil fuels, the carbon dioxide released by burning wood was fixed by trees relatively recently can be immediately taken up by trees again. Hence burning wood should help us reach our short-term greenhouse gas emission targets over the next 10 years
false
Let’s say you are a progressive social policy analyst working in a think tank focused on reducing the rate of human population growth in developing countries. Based on what you know about models of population growth, why might your goal be a difficult one?
Because there seems to be no real carrying capacity for human populations
Because human populations grow exponentially
Because social policies that reduce the birth rate are also likely to reduce the death rate
Because the regulation of human populations is density-independent
Because social policies that reduce the birth rate are also likely to reduce the death rate
According to the theory of Island Biogeography why are larger islands typically inhabited by more species than smaller islands?
(i) Because larger islands are typically closer to the mainland than smaller islands
(ii) Because for any given species number already on the island, the probability of a new species successfully immigrating is higher for larger than smaller islands
(iii) Because for any given species number already on the island, the probability of one of those species going locally extinct is lower for larger than smaller islands
ii & iii
Grizzly bears feed on the berries produced by the shrub Shepherdia canadensis. How should the foraging behaviour of individual bears change in response to the density of Sherperdia bushes?
The density of Sheperdia bushes should not influence a bear’s foraging behaviour.
Bears should move between bushes more frequently when bushes are uncommon in a habitat
Bears should move between bushes less frequently when bushes are common in a habitat
Bears should move between bushes more frequently when bushes are common in a habitat
Bears should move between bushes more frequently when bushes are common in a habitat
Which of the following aspects of the Earth give rise to the major global wind patterns such as the Northeast trade winds or the Westerlies?
(i) Earth’s spherical shape
(ii) The orbit of Earth around the Sun
(iii) The rotation of Earth around its longitudinal axis
i & iii
Which of the following contributes the most to there being animal life in the oceans’ aphotic zones?
stratification of temperature by depth
upwelling
primary production in the photic zone
photosynthesis in the abyssal zone
primary production in the photic zone
Why will the availability of phosphorous more strongly limit human agriculture than the availability of nitrogen?
(i) Because phosphorous is only available from phosphate-containing rock deposits which are increasingly scarce
(ii) Because nitrogen gas can be turned into fertilizer via an industrial process
(iii) Because phosphate precipitates in the soil making it unavailable to plants
i & ii
The video on species interactions described an experiment that competed blowflies against houseflies and the species that was initially suppressed (blowflies) by the other eventually competitively excluded houseflies from the experimental habitat. Which of the following statements best described the take-home message from this experiment?
In competition for limited resources the initially subordinate species will evolve to coexist with the initially dominant species
In competition for limited resources the initially dominant species will exclude the subordinate species
A species that is initially dominant will be selected to be more competitive against the subordinate species, whereas a subordinate species is selected to be more competitive against members of its own species
A species that is initially subordinate will be selected to be more competitive against the dominant species, whereas a dominant species will be selected to be more competitive against members of its own species
A species that is initially subordinate will be selected to be more competitive against the dominant species, whereas a dominant species will be selected to be more competitive against members of its own species
Which of the following statements does not accurately describe the trends over time in global meat consumption?
For most countries grouped by GDP consumption of empty calories increases with increased per-capita meat consumption
The relation between increasing per-capita GDP and the consumption of meat, empty calories and total dietary calories is similar for most countries
Although most countries are following dietary trends observed in affluent developed countries, some countries are not
As the GDP of nations increases so does the per-capita daily meat consumption until at present most people in most countries eat as much meat as people in affluent developed countries like Canada
As the GDP of nations increases so does the per-capita daily meat consumption until at present most people in most countries eat as much meat as people in affluent developed countries like Canada
All animals are eukaryotes but not all eukaryotes are animals
true
Protozoans are considered primitive animals
false
Green photosynthetic organisms that live in the water are all algae.
false
Green alga was the likely ancestor of all plants about 470 mya, including red and brown algae.
false
Synapomorphies are traits shared by a lineage that are absent in the sister lineage. For example, hair/fur is a synapomorphy of mammals.
true
Multicellularity arose exclusively in plants, fungi and animals.
false
Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
true
The most recent common ancestor of fungi and animals was which of the following?
a choanoflagellate
an opisthokont
a holomycotan
a holozoan
an opisthokont
Which of the following taxonomic term includes all of the others
class
order
family
phylum
phylum
Which of the following taxonomic terms includes all of the others?
domain
kingdom
class
phylum
domain
Like all mammals, both you and mice have 2 paralogs of enzyme X (EnX), called EnXa and EnXb. True or false, your EnX paralogs are more different from each other than are EnXa orthologs of you and mouse.
true
Whole genome duplications early in the vertebrate lineage provided the raw material for the evolutionary complexity of vertebrates. True or false. If there is 1 copy of a gene in a sea urchin, you would expect 4 copies of that gene in a lizard, assuming no addition gene duplications or deletions.
true
Which of the following is a prokaryote that is the closest relative to a plant?
archae
amoeba
E. coli
cyanobacterium
archae
Which of the following is most likely to be found in a multigenerational family reunion of a typical undergraduate student?
Vibrio
Cyanobacteria
Heliobacter
Clostridium botulinum
heliobacter
Which of the following is most likely to be successfully treated with antibiotics that target bacterial cell wall synthesis?
giardiasis
malaria
toxoplasmosis
strep throat
strep throat
