Module 1-4 Flashcards
refers to a large-scale change in the climate system that takes place over a few decades or less, persists (or is anticipated to persist) for at least a few decades and causes substantial disruptions in human and natural systems. It is a
change in climate that happens much faster than it normally would.
Abrupt climate change
the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order
to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities; human intervention may
facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects or making changes to live
with the impacts of climate change.
Adaptation
the primary greenhouse gas and driver of climate change.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
methods or processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere by either increasing biological sinks of CO2 or using chemical processes to directly bind CO2.
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
when anthropogenic CO2 emissions are balanced globally by anthropogenic carbon dioxide removals over a specified period or net-zero carbon dioxide emission or no net carbon dioxide is added into the air.
Carbon neutral
the average of weather patterns over a longer period of time (usually 30 or more years).
Climate
the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate, or a region on Earth, and includes more than just the average surface temperature. For example,
variations in the amount of rainfall, sea levels, and sea ice can all be consequences.
Climate change
the lead policy making body of the Philippine Government tasked to coordinate, monitor and evaluate government programs and ensure the mainstreaming of the climate change development plans at all levels towards climate resilient and climate-smart Philippines.
Climate Change Commission
a yearly international climate conference where nations assess progress and determine next steps for action through the UNFCCC treaty.
They work on global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Conference of the Parties (COP)
are greenhouse gases released into the air that are produced by numerous activities, including burning fossil fuels, industrial agriculture, and melting permafrost, to name a few. These gases cause heat to be trapped in the atmosphere, slowly increasing the Earth’s temperature over time.
Emissions
sources of non-renewable energy, formed from the remains of living organisms that were buried millions of years ago. Like coal and oil to produce energy, where the majority of greenhouse gases originate.
Fossil Fuels
an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature from human-
made greenhouse gas emissions.
Global warming
a chemical compound found in the Earth’s atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other human-made gases that allow much of the solar radiation to enter the atmosphere, traps and warms the earth surface.
The more heat is trapped, and the warmer it will become.
Greenhouse Gas
Outline the actions countries intend to take beginning in 2020 under a proposed global climate agreement. These plan will play a big part in moving us forward on the path toward a low-carbon, clean energy future.
INDC or Intended Nationally Determined Contribution.
First set up in 1988 under two UN organizations, the IPCC surveys the research on climate change happening all around the world and reports to the public about the current state of our scientific knowledge.
IPCC or the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
the main component of natural gas, a common fossil fuel source and a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. It doesn’t stay in the atmosphere as long as carbon dioxide, but it absorbs 84 times more heat, making it very harmful to the climate.
Methane
actions that reduce emissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases or topping climate change from getting worse. Examples are
planting trees for CO2 sequestration. It can also include developing and deploying new technologies, using renewable energies like wind and solar, or making older equipment more energy efficient and waste management approaches.
Mitigation (of climate change):
energy that comes from naturally replenished resources, such as sunlight, wind, waves, and geothermal heat.
Renewable energy
it relates to climate change is caused by two major factors. First, more water is released into the ocean as glaciers and land ice melts. Second, the ocean expands as ocean temperatures increase. Both of these consequences of climate
change are accelerating sea-level rise around the world, putting millions of people who live in coastal communities at risk.
Sea-Level Rise
a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and balances social, economic and environmental concerns.
Sustainable development
a level of change in system properties beyond which a system reorganizes, often abruptly, and does not return to the initial state even if the drivers of the change are abated. It is a critical threshold when global or regional climate changes from one stable state to another stable state. It happened when it is too late to stop the effects of climate change.
Tipping point
an environmental treaty that nations joined in 1992, with the goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.
UNFCCC or the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
atmospheric conditions in the short term, including changes in temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, wind, and visibility.
Weather
The Philippines is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change which includes
sea level rise,
rising temperatures, and
increased frequency of extreme weather events
Philippines ranked ____ as the most affected country by _____________ ____ between
2000 and 2019 (Germanwatch, 2021)
4th
weather-related events
the most active tropical cyclone basin in the world.
the Northwestern Pacific Basin
it is the specific condition of the atmosphere at a particular space and time measured in terms of parameters as wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, and
precipitation.
Weather
usually described in terms of the mean and variability of temperature, precipitation, and
wind over a period of time, ranging from months to thousands of years.
Climate
What to do as a forester?
be aware of what is going on globally.
Improving our tropical forests
Be familiar with the tools that can help assess our climate resilience, device climate-proof
programs
come up with adaptation strategies not only for people but also for our forests
cheapest mitigation measure that we can still do at present
Planting trees
“A statistically significant variation in
either the mean state of the climate or change in precipitation, temperature, and wind, persisting typically decades or longer”
CLIMATE CHANGE
“Change in the climate attributed
directly or indirectly to human activities, in addition to natural climate variability observed, over a comparable period of time”
CLIMATE CHANGE
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Natural processes
Anthropogenic activities
Anthropogenic activities
a. Population increase
b. Land use and cover change
c. Industrialization
d. Technology innovations
e. Production systems
f. Greenhouse gases emissions
when a volcano erupts, it throws out large amounts of _____________________________ in the atmosphere
Sulphur dioxide, water vapor, dust and ash
GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGs)
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Ozone
An increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature from human-made greenhouse
gas emissions (IPCC, 2017)
GLOBAL WARMING
If GHG emissions continue to grow rapidly, it is expected that, by _____ , the global average
air temperature over the Earth’s surface will warm by around ____
2100, 4°C
2 types of drivers of Climate Change
Natural Factors
Anthropogenic Factors
What is the source of energy of Earth’s Climate system
Sun
The amount of energy coming from the sun is ___ _____ but keeps _____.
not constants but keeps changing
Natural factors of climate change
- Solar variations
- Volcanic Eruptions
- Greenhouse gases
When a volcano erupts it throws out large amounts of?
Sulfur dioxide
Water vapor
Dust and ash
What are the anthropogenic factors of climate change?
- Population increase
- Land use and cover change
- Industrialization
- Technology Innovations
- Production process
- Greenhouse gases emissions
Gases that act a bit like glass in a greenhouse:
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Chlorofluorocarbon
Ozone
Does GHG occur naturally?
YES
the primary greenhouse gas and driver of climate change. This is
produced mainly from burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, and
burning of forests.
Carbon Dioxide
the second largest contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide and a highly effective heat-trapping gas, is formed in rice paddies and in the bellies of sheep and cattle, as well as in garbage dumps.
Methane
these gases are present in vehicle exhaust emissions, but are also
produced by power stations and intensive agricultural practices.
Nitrous Oxide
Gas produced from industrial process
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
Gas primarily from naturally occuring water
Ozone
Causes for rising GHG Emissions
Burning coal and gas
Deforestation
Increasing livestock farming
Fertilizers
Agricultural practices
What does burning coal, oil and gas produces?
Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide
If cows and sheep digest their food what does it produces?
Methane
If fertilizers consist nitrogen what does it produce?
Nitrous oxide emissions
E
Evidences of Climate Change
1.Global Warming
2.Sea Level Rise
3. Extreme weather events
4. Shrinking Ice sheets
5. Ocean Acidification
an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature from human -made greenhouse gas emissions, with CO2 being the largest contributor. - IPCC
Global warming
What is the global sea level rise in the last century?
8 inches (20 cm)
Does the rate in the last two decades nearly doubled that of the last century?
YES and still accelerating
Between 1993-2019 how much ice per yer does Greenland and Antarctic lost?
Greenland 279 billion tons per year
Antarctic 148 billion tons per year
Since the beginning of Industrial Revolution, the surface of the ocean increased in acidity by?
30%
Why does the surface of the ocean increases in acidity?
It is a result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
How much CO2 does tge ocean absords?
20% - 30% anthropogenic CO2
7.2 - 10. 8 billion metric tons per year
In the most affected country related by weather events between 2000-2019, what is the rank of Philippines?
4th
the most active tropical cyclone basin in the world.
Northwestern Pacific Basin
What can we do as a forester?
be aware of what is going on globally
Be familiar with the tools that can help assess our climate resilience, device climate-proof programs and come up with adaptation strategies
What is the cheapest mitigation measure?
Planting trees
Forests cover is ____ of the earth’s surface and contain an estimated ___ ________ trees.
1/3 , 3 trillion trees.
three major forest zones that are separated according to their distance from the equator
Tropical
Temperate
Boreal Forest (taiga)
four well-defined seasons in this zone. They are adapted to both cold winters and warm summer weather.
Temperate
This forest have two seasons - short moist warm summer & long cold dry winter. Precipitation usually in form of snow.
Boreal Forests (Taiga)
Temperatures range of boreal forest
-40 to 20°C
Tropical forests are forested landscapes growing within ___ _______ north or south of the equator or in tropical regions approximately bounded by the tropic of ______ and _______.
28 degrees, Cancer, Cancer
What countries does tropical forests found?
Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Mexico, Central America
Tropical forests cover about ________________ or 1/10 of the world’s land area.
1,700 million hectares
80% of the world’s documented species can be found in _______ ______.
Tropical Forest
How much rainfall does tropical forest receives per year?
200 cm
what is the temperature range of tropical forest?
18°C and 35°C
The soil composition of tropical forest is several meters deep but only have ___ of ____ ____ and ________.
10% of organic material and nutrients
Boreal forest have ____ of organic material in litter and sediments.
90%
What is the three main types of tropical forest that are distinguished by differences in the distribution of rainfall throughout the year, by elevation, and by soil type.
Tropical montane forest
Tropical Dry/ Monsoon Forest
Tropical Rain/ Moist Forest
This forest occurs at an altitude of 800 m or above and referred to as upland or sometimes hill forests
Tropical Montane Forest
It covers the Himalayas and stretch south into Myanmar and the mountains of Thailand and Vietnam. In Latin America, the zone includes the Andes and the highlands of Mexico, and in Africa it covers the highlands of Ethiopia and the mountainous areas around Lake Victoria.
Tropical Montane Forest
This forest is often a forest of short trees 10–12 m high in a single stratum.
Upper tropical montane
When their trunks and boughs are misshapen and covered in mosses, lichens, and liverworts this is called ________.
Mossy Forest
Located 2000 - 3000 m above sea level which coincides with belts of mist and cloud
Mossy Forest
If the forest is located above the cloud zone the trees are______
taller and the mosses is less in evidence.
On the highest tropical mountains, ____________occurs as a further zone.
subalpine forest .
A type of tropical forest that grows in regions with a marked dry season. It has a distinct formation type, dominated by both evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved trees.
Tropical Dry/Monsoon Forests
The dry period in this forest is severe, and during this most trees defoliate in order to reduce water loss. The structure of the forest is also simpler than that of the rain forest, with fewer tree strata, and less luxuriant growths of climbing and herbaceous plants.
Tropical Dry/Monsoon Forests
Habitats in this forest are stratified into three to five distinct layers from ground level to the tops of the tallest trees.
Tropical Rain/Moist Forests
scattered gigantic trees form the ________, where most of the flowering and fruiting takes place which sustains other animals.
canopy
It is composed of small trees and shrubs growing between the trunks of the major trees, as well as climbing woody vines (lianas) and many epiphytes—mainly orchids, bromeliads, and arboreal ferns—that attach themselves to the trees.
Understory
It receives very little sunlight but is alive with fungi and insects that play an important role in the wider forest ecosystem animals and microorganisms that scavenge on the detritus raining from above.
Forest Floor
The rainfall in Tropical rainforest is _______ per year
1700 mm
In tropical rain forest it has ____ to ___ different ___ in ____.
100-250 diff. species in 1 hectare.
The largest, lushest, and most biologically diverse of the remaining tropical moist forests are in the:
a. Amazon Basin of South America
b. Congo River basin of central Africa,
c. Large islands of southeast Asia (Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua, New Guinea).
Encompass the single largest remaining tropical rainforest in the world, it also houses at least 10% of the world’s known biodiversity
Amazon Basin of South America
contains 90-140 billion metric tons of carbon, the release of even a portion of which would accelerate global warming significantly.
Amazon Basin of South America
It makes up 18% of the world’s remaining rainforest and soak up approximately 1.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year
Congo River basin of central Africa
the most endangered habitat on earth and most vulnerable to deforestation.
rainforest
Due to felling for timber by logging companies and cleared by people for farming rainforest is destroyed __________ each year.
140,000 km2
in tropical countries ______ and _________ is a major environmental, social and economic problem.
forest degradation and deforestation
our planet loses tropical forestland equivalent to the size of _________ every year or the size of ____________ each minute.
Bangladesh every year and 40 football field every minute
A number of tropical forests have been designated as ___-______ _____ _____.
High-Biodiversity and Wilderness area
using a resource in such a way that future uses are not impaired, which requires sound knowledge of tropical forest ecology.
Sustainable
One possibility as a conservation strategy that can succeed only if management plans are properly implemented
Sustainable timber harvest
The success of all conservation efforts depends on ensuring that _____ _____ ________ ________, which requires strong cooperation among peoples and nations.
local people benefit economically
Climate change is a problem of “____________” much likely to end like the “_____________”.
global commons, tragedy of the commons
Effective climate policy involves
building institutions and capacity for governance
Acknowledgement of climate change realities started in ____ when the first world climate conference was held in ______.
1979 , Geneva
Who introduced the world climate conference?
World Meteorological Organization in response to the observation of climatic events over the previous decade
I was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The main objective of this was to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to the understanding of human induced climate change, potential impacts of climate change and options for mitigation and adaptation.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
How many members does the IPCC have currently?
195 members
In _____ , the IPCC and U.S. Vice-President ___ _____ were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
- Al Gore
when was the First IPCC Assessment Report?
1990,
It played a decisive role in the creation of the UNFCCC
First IPCC Assessment Report (FAR)
the key international treaty to reduce global warming and cope with the consequences of climate change.
UNFCCC
a multilateral treaty adopted in 1992, which then went into force in 1994.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
the main driving force and facilitator of climate action globally, including landmark agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015).
UNFCCC
How many countries ratified UNFCCC?
197 states
What is the main objective of the UNFCCC?
the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to prevent severe impacts on the climate system.
It introduced the emission reduction commitments for developed countries for a five-year commitment period between 2008 and 2012.
Kyoto Protocol
During the ____UNFCCC conference of the parties (COP-_) in ______, the Kyoto protocol was adopted and went into force in _____.
third, 1997, 2005
It only binds ________ ______, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle of “CBDR”
developed countries , common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
The targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol cover emissions of the six main greenhouse gases, namely:
Carbon dioxide (CO2);
Methane (CH4);
Nitrous oxide (N2O);
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
three market-based mechanisms on Kyoto Protocol
Clean Development Mechanism
Joint implementation projects
Emissions Trading
allows developed country parties to invest and develop emission reduction projects in developing countries, to drive sustainable development in the host country as well as offset carbon emissions of the investing party.
Clean Development Mechanism
allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn
certified emission reduction (CER)
How much is the equivalent of 1 CER ?
one ton of CO2
the main source of income for the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund which is 2% levy on CERs.
CDM
allow developed country parties (Annex I Party) to develop similar projects, however, in other developed countries that are protocol parties, offsetting excess emissions of the investing party.
Joint implementation projects
scheme under the Kyoto Protocol set up a platform where carbon units, or units generated by projects registered under the JI or the CDM, or from removals through forestry activities, can be exchanged, i.e. sold and purchased, according to a country’s needs.
Emissions Trading
the process of buying and selling permits and credits that allow the permit holder to emit carbon dioxide. It has been a central pillar of the EU’s efforts to slow climate change.
Carbon trading
What does the model used in all current carbon trading schemes called?
cap and trade
A scheme wherein a government or intergovernmental body sets an overall legal limit on emissions (the cap) over a specific period of time, and grants a fixed number of permits to those releasing the emissions.
‘cap and trade’
legally binding international treaty on climate change.
PARIS AGREEMENT
It was adopted by ____Parties during the _____ UNFCCC conference of the parties (COP-__) in Paris, on _________ and entered into force on ____________.
196, 21st, December 12, 2015, November 4 2016
What is the main objective of the Paris agreement?
to limit the global temperature increase to 2 °C by 2100 and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C.
To limit global warming to 1.5°C, greenhouse gas emissions must peak before ____ at the latest and decline__ by ____.
2025 , 43%, 2030
a landmark in the multilateral climate change process because, for the first time, a binding agreement brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects.
Paris Agreement
In here countries communicate actions they will take to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in order to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement.
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
KEY POINTS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Temperature
Emissions Objective
Burden Sharing
Climate Damage
Differentiation
Finance
Review Mechanism
when was the first world review of NDC’s ?
2023 OR 2025
What does REDD means?
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
an effort to create financial value from the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development.
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD)
This goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
REDD+
It is estimated that globally, deforestation and forest degradation account for around ____ of CO2 emissions.
11%
Under the framework with these REDD+ activities, developing countries can receive ______________ for emission reductions when they reduce deforestation.
results-based payments
How does REDD+ reduces deforestation?
through the conservation and sustainable management of forests and supporting developing countries in turning their political commitments into action on the ground.
It means reducing risk of loss from the occurrence of any future undesirable event
Mitigation
It means a change in structure, function, or behavior by which a species or individual improves its chance of survival in a specific environment. It is the action or process of adapting or being adapted to the current situation.
Adaptation
What are the two prolonged approach involved in responding to climate change?
Climate Change Mitigation
Climate Change Adaptation
It is reducing climate change which involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases (for example, the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the sinks that accumulate and store these gases such as the oceans, forests and soil.
Climate Change Mitigation
It is an intervention aimed at reducing the severity of climate change by controlling emissions of greenhouse gases and/or enhancing carbon sinks.
Climate Change Mitigation
It is adapting to life in a changing climate – involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate.
Climate Change Adaptation
It is an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to climatic changes. It is classified into ______ and _______
Autonomous and Planned
Adjustments initiated and implemented by individuals, households or private companies.
Autonomous
Adjustments initiated and implemented by governments at all levels. Public adaptation is usually directed at collective needs.
Planned
The ability to adjust to climate change to cope with potential damages or take advantage of new opportunities.
Adaptive capacity
Climate Change Act of 2009
Republic Act No. 9729
It integrates climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies into policy formulation and development activities of all government agencies.
Republic Act No. 9729
It also created the Climate Change Commission, chaired by the President of the Republic of the Philippines, as the central entity for all climate change-related plans and programs in the country.
Republic Act No. 9729
shall be the sole policy-making body of the government which shall be tasked to coordinate, monitor and evaluate the programs and action plans of the government relating to climate change.
Climate Change Commission
They formulated the 2010-2022 National Framework Strategy on Climate Change which identified a long-term mitigation objective of facilitating the transition towards low GHG emissions for sustainable development.
the Philippines’ Climate Change Commission (CCC)
It identified a long-term mitigation objective of facilitating the transition towards low GHG emissions for sustainable development.
National Framework Strategy on Climate Change
seven strategic priority areas for the Philippines (CCC, 2019)
- food security,
- water sufficiency,
- ecosystem and environmental stability,
- human security,
- climate-smart industries and services,
- sustainable energy, and
- knowledge and capacity development.
It outlines the agenda for adaptation and mitigation from 2011-2028 in seven strategic priority areas for the Philippines (CCC, 2019)
the National Climate Change Action Plan in 2011
In its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the Philippines committed to reduce its GHG emissions by
70% by 2030
It both support national level planning and implementation for Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+).
UNREDD Program and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
When was the Philippines National REDD+ Strategy developed and approved?
2012
