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AP Psych Module 1-8 terms > Module 1-3 > Flashcards

Module 1-3 Flashcards

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0
Q

The view that (a) knowledge comes from experiences via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

A

Empiricism

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1
Q

The scientific study of behavioral and mental processes

A

Psychology

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2
Q

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.

A

Structuralism

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3
Q

A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

A

Functionalism

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4
Q

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people;used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

A

Humanistic Psychology

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5
Q

The long lasting controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

A

Nature-nurture issue

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6
Q

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed down on to succeeding generations

A

Natural selection

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7
Q

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

A

Levels of analysis

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8
Q

An integrated perspective that incorporates biological,psychological, and social-cultural levels of anaysis

A

Biopsychosocial

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9
Q

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

A

Basic research

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10
Q

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

A

Applied research

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11
Q

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living( often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being

A

Counseling psychology

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12
Q

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

A

Clinical psychology

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13
Q

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practices by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological theorapy

A

Psychiatry

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14
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it (AKA i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

A

Hindsight bias

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15
Q

Thinking that does not Blindly accept arguments And conclusions rather it examines assumptions discerns hidden values evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions

A

Critical thinking

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16
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

A

Theory

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17
Q

A testable prediction often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

18
Q

A statement of the procedures or operations used to define research Variables

A

Operational definition

19
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study Usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances

A

Replication

20
Q

The enduring behaviors ideas attitudes and traditions shared by a larger group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

Culture

21
Q

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case study

22
Q

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported Attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative random sample of them

A

Survey

23
Q

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

A

False consensus effect

24
Q

All the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for study

A

Population

25
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random sample

26
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

Naturalistic observation

27
Q

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well each factor predicts the other the correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship ranging from -1 to +1

A

Correlation

28
Q

A graphed cluster of dots each of which represent the values of two variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)

A

Scatterplot

29
Q

The perception of a relationship where none exists

A

Illusory correlation

30
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors the independent variable to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process the Dependent variable. By random assignment of participants the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

A

Experiment

31
Q

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant or blind about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo commonly used in drug evaluation studies

A

Double blind procedure

32
Q

Experimental results caused by expectations alone any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inner substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent

A

Placebo effect

33
Q

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable

A

Experimental condition

34
Q

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

A

Control condition

35
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

A

Random assignment

36
Q

The experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent variable

37
Q

The outcome factor the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

Dependant variable

38
Q

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

A

Mode

39
Q

The arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

A

Mean

40
Q

The middle score in a distribution have to scores are above it and half are below it

A

Median

41
Q

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

Range

42
Q

A computed measure of how much scores very around the mean score

A

Standard deviation

43
Q

A statistical statement of how likely it is done obtained results occurred by chance

A

Statistical significance

AP Psych Module 1-8 terms (4 decks)

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