Module 1-3 Flashcards
The view that (a) knowledge comes from experiences via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
Empiricism
The scientific study of behavioral and mental processes
Psychology
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
Structuralism
A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Functionalism
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people;used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth
Humanistic Psychology
The long lasting controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
Nature-nurture issue
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed down on to succeeding generations
Natural selection
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Levels of analysis
An integrated perspective that incorporates biological,psychological, and social-cultural levels of anaysis
Biopsychosocial
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Basic research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Applied research
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living( often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being
Counseling psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Clinical psychology
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practices by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological theorapy
Psychiatry
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it (AKA i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
Hindsight bias
Thinking that does not Blindly accept arguments And conclusions rather it examines assumptions discerns hidden values evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions
Critical thinking
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
Theory
A testable prediction often implied by a theory
Hypothesis
A statement of the procedures or operations used to define research Variables
Operational definition
Repeating the essence of a research study Usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances
Replication
The enduring behaviors ideas attitudes and traditions shared by a larger group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Culture
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Case study
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported Attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative random sample of them
Survey
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
False consensus effect
All the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for study
Population
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Random sample
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Naturalistic observation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well each factor predicts the other the correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship ranging from -1 to +1
Correlation
A graphed cluster of dots each of which represent the values of two variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)
Scatterplot
The perception of a relationship where none exists
Illusory correlation
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors the independent variable to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process the Dependent variable. By random assignment of participants the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors
Experiment
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant or blind about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo commonly used in drug evaluation studies
Double blind procedure
Experimental results caused by expectations alone any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inner substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent
Placebo effect
The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable
Experimental condition
The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Control condition
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Random assignment
The experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied
Independent variable
The outcome factor the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Dependant variable
The most frequently occurring score in a distribution
Mode
The arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
Mean
The middle score in a distribution have to scores are above it and half are below it
Median
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Range
A computed measure of how much scores very around the mean score
Standard deviation
A statistical statement of how likely it is done obtained results occurred by chance
Statistical significance
