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Biomedical Core (Chugg, Kraig, James B. Hutchins, Carol H. Naylor, Kathryn T. Newton, and Travis M. Price. "Module 1." <i>Study Guide for Biomedical Core</i>. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. Print.) > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the definition of Physiology?

A

The study of the FUNCTION of the human body.

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1
Q

What is the definition of Anatomy?

A

The study of the STRUCTURE of the human body.

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2
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory process.

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3
Q

How does structure determine function?

A

Example: the anatomy of bones allows them to support the weight of the body and to facilitate the movement of the body.

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4
Q

How does function determine structure?

A

Function influences the size, shape, action, and reaction of the structure.

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5
Q

What is the definition of Embryology?

A

Study of the first 8 weeks of development.

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6
Q

What is the definition of Developmental Biology?

A

Study of all stages of development.

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7
Q

What is the definition of Cell Biology?

A

Study of cell structure and function.

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8
Q

What is the definition of Histology?

A

Study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

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9
Q

What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?

A

Study of structures viewed without a microscope.

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10
Q

What is the definition of Surface Anatomy?

A

Study of the surface markings of the body.

Observed through visualization and palpitation (perception by touch).

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12
Q

What is the definition of Systemic Anatomy?

A

Study of the structure of specific systems (digestive, cardiac, immune, etc).

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12
Q

What is the definition of Radiographic Anatomy?

A

Study of body structures visualized with X-Ray, CT, or MRI.

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13
Q

What is the definition of Regional Anatomy?

A

Study of specific regions of the body (head, neck, trunk, etc).

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14
Q

What is the definition of Pathological Anatomy?

A

Study of structural changes with disease.

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15
Q

What is the definition of Neurophysiology?

A

Study of functional properties of nerve cells.

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16
Q

What is the definition of Endocrinology?

A

Study of hormones and how they control body functions.

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17
Q

What is the definition of Cardiovascular physiology?

A

Study of the function of the heart and blood vessels.

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18
Q

What is the definition of Immunology?

A

Study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.

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19
Q

What is the definition of Respiratory physiology?

A

Study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs.

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20
Q

What is the definition of Renal physiology?

A

Study of the functions of the kidneys.

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21
Q

What is the definition of Exercise physiology?

A

Study of the changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.

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22
Q

What is the definition of Pathophysiology?

A

Study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging.

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23
Q

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

A 
Chemical (atomic & molecular)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism (example: entire body)
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24
Q

What is an example of the CHEMICAL level?

A

Gases dissolved in the blood. (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen = chemical level) & (chemicals such as DNA, RNA, and proteins = molecular).

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25
Q

What is the definition of the TISSUE level? What is an example of the TISSUE level?

A

Cells gathered together in a group of a certain type (connective tissue holds the structure of the body, nervous tissue collects, uses, and sends out information).

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26
Q

What is the definition of the CELLULAR level? What is an example of the CELLULAR level?

A

What living things are made of (muscle cells, skin cells, etc).

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28
Q

What is the definition of the ORGAN level? What is an example of the ORGAN level?

A

A collection of tissues which performs a function needed for the human body to survive (kidney filters and removes wastes from the blood to make urine).

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29
Q

What is the definition of a SYSTEM? What is an example of a SYSTEM?

A

A group of organs which carry out a more complex set of functions (urinary system = kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra).

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30
Q

What is the definition of an ORGANISM?

What is an example of an ORGANISM?

A

The 11 body systems work together to form an organism (the human body).

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31
Q

Describe what the Integumentary system (skin) does.

A

Protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, and detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold.

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32
Q

Describe what the Skeletal system does.

A

Supports and protects the body, provides a surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, and stores minerals and lipids (fats).

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33
Q

Describes what the Muscular system does.

A

Produces body movements, such as walking, stabilizes body position (posture), and generates heat.

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34
Q

Describe what the Nervous system does.

A

Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body’s internal and external environment, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

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35
Q

Describe what the Endocrine system does.

A

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in the blood from and endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ.

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36
Q

Describe what the Cardiovascular system does.

A

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, carbon dioxide, and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.

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37
Q

Describe what the Lymphatic system does.

A

Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, and includes structures where lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) that protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate.

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38
Q

Describe what the Respiratory system does.

A

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide form blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, and air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.

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39
Q

Describe what the Digestive system does.

A

Achieves physical and chemical breakdown food, absorbs nutrients and water, eliminates solid wastes.

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40
Q

Describe what the Urinary system does.

A

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids, maintains body’s mineral balance, and helps regulate production of red blood cells.

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41
Q

Describe what the Reproductive system does.

A

Gonads (ovaries and testes) produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes (this is the only organ system which is completely different between the two genders).

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42
Q

The maintenance of normal body function requires what?

A

The systems to work together (example: body temperature consists of the integumentary, muscular, cardiovascular, nervous systems working together).

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43
Q

Describe a person in the Human Anatomical Position.

A

The subject stands erect facing the observer with head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor, feet directed forwards, and the arms at their sides with the palms facing forward.

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44
Q

CEPHALIC

A

head

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45
Q

CRANIAL

A

skull

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46
Q

OCCIPITAL

A

base of skull

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47
Q

FACIAL

A

face

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48
Q

FRONTAL

A

forehead

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49
Q

TEMPORAL

A

temple

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50
Q

ORBITAL, OCULAR

A

eye

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51
Q

OTIC

A

ear

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52
Q

BUCCAL

A

cheek

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53
Q

NASAL

A

nose

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54
Q

ORAL

A

mouth

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55
Q

MENTAL

A

chin

56
Q

CERVICAL

A

neck

57
Q

VERTEBRAL

A

spinal column

58
Q

THORACIC

A

chest

59
Q

STERNAL

A

breastbone

60
Q

MAMMARY

A

breast

61
Q

SCAPULAR

A

shoulder blade

62
Q

DORSAL

A

back

63
Q

ABDOMINAL

A

abdomen

64
Q

UMBILICAL

A

navel, bellybutton

65
Q

COXAL

A

hip

66
Q

LUMBAR

A

loin

67
Q

SACRAL

A

between hips

68
Q

PELVIC

A

pelvis

69
Q

INGUINAL

A

groin

70
Q

PUBIC

A

pubis

71
Q

GLUTEAL

A

buttocks

72
Q

What is the region of the anus and the external genitals?

A

perineal

73
Q

AXILLARY

A

armpit

74
Q

BRACHIAL

A

arm

75
Q

ANTECUBITAL

A

front of elbow

76
Q

OLECRANAL, CUBITAL

A

back of elbow

77
Q

ANTEBRACHIAL

A

forearm

78
Q

CARPAL

A

wrist

79
Q

MANUAL

A

hand

80
Q

POLLUX

A

thumb

81
Q

PALMAR, VOLAR

A

palm

82
Q

DORSUM

A

back of hand, top of foot

83
Q

DIGITAL, PHALANGEAL

A

fingers, toes

84
Q

FEMORAL

A

thigh

85
Q

PATELLAR

A

anterior surface of the knee

86
Q

POPLITEAL

A

posterior surface of the knee

87
Q

CRURAL

A

leg

88
Q

SURAL

A

calf

89
Q

PEDAL

A

foot

90
Q

TARSAL

A

ankle

91
Q

PLANTAR

A

sole of foot

92
Q

CALCANEAL

A

heel

93
Q

HALLUX

A

big toe

94
Q

SUPERIOR

A

up, above

95
Q

INFERIOR

A

down, below

96
Q

MEDIAL

A

toward the midline

97
Q

LATERAL

A

away from the midline

98
Q

PROXIMAL

A

closer to point of attachment

99
Q

DISTAL

A

farther from point of attachment

100
Q

ANTERIOR, VENTRAL

A

toward the front

101
Q

POSTERIOR, DORSAL

A

toward the back

102
Q

IPSILATERAL

A

same side of midline

103
Q

CONTRALATERAL

A

opposite side of midline

104
Q

SAGITTAL

A

dividing medial from lateral

105
Q

TRANSVERSE, HORIZONTAL

A

dividing superior from inferior

106
Q

FRONTAL, CORONAL

A

dividing anterior from posterior (dorsal from ventral)

107
Q

MIDSAGITTAL

A

dividing the body into two equal, mirror-image halves

108
Q

PARASAGITTAL

A

parallel to sagittal, but not through the midline

109
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

110
Q

The THORACIC cavity includes what subcavities?

A

Pleural, Pericardial, and Mediastinum

111
Q

The DORSAL cavity includes what subcavities?

A

Cranial and Verebral

112
Q

The VENTRAL cavity includes what subcavities?

A

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

113
Q

The ABDOMINOPELVIC cavity includes what subcavities?

A

Abdominal and Pelvic

114
Q

The CRANIAL cavity includes what organ?

A

brain

115
Q

The VERTEBRAL cavity includes what organ?

A

spinal cord

116
Q

The PLEURAL cavity includes what organs?

A

lungs

117
Q

The MEDIASTINUM cavity includes what?

A

thymus, esophagus, trachea, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and aorta

118
Q

The PERICARDIAL cavity includes what organ?

A

heart

119
Q

The ABDOMEN includes what?

A

stomach, liver, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendix, and greater omentum

120
Q

The PELVIC includes what?

A

urinary bladder, ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus

121
Q

What are the two ways you can divide the ABDOMINOPELVIC cavity?

A

4 Quadrants or 9 Regions

122
Q

The RUQ contains what organs?

A

liver and gall bladder

123
Q

The LUQ contains what organs?

A

stomach, spleen, and left kidney

124
Q

The RLQ contains what organs?

A

cecum (where small intestine meet large) and appendix

125
Q

The LLQ contains what organ?

A

left ovary (if woman)

126
Q

Name the 9 Regions.

A

right hypochondriac (under the ribs), epigastric (on top of stomach), left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical (center on the bellybutton), left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric/pubic, left inguinal

127
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Touching, kissing, intercourse

128
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

Fomites: shared objects

129
Q

What is a droplet transmission?

A

Distance < 1 meter

130
Q

What is Common Vehicle transmission?

A

Contaminated food, water, blood (ecoli, samenela, Hep A, B, & C, HIV)

131
Q

What is Vector transmission?

A

When an organism transmits disease: tick with lymes, mosquitoes with malaria or west Nile, person as a carrier)

132
Q

What are Sporadic infections?

A

When it occurs in individuals here and there.

133
Q

What are Endemic infections?

A

When infection is more common in one geographic area, but occur low to moderate levels)

134
Q

What are Epidemic infections?

A

When infections occur at a higher than normal level in population.

135
Q

What are Pandemic infections?

A

When infections occur worldwide.

Biomedical Core (Chugg, Kraig, James B. Hutchins, Carol H. Naylor, Kathryn T. Newton, and Travis M. Price. "Module 1." Study Guide for Biomedical Core. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. Print.) (3 decks)

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