Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
clinical pathologists
A
eg. young woman with bacterial infection not responding to antibiotics
- clinical pathologists analyse microbiological test results to identify a patients illness
2
Q
pathologists
A
eg. Patient with lung cancer listens as his oncologist describes different treatment options.
- Pathologists also characterize diseases which can influence how they’re treated
3
Q
molecular genetics
A
eg. A couple who want children but both have a family history of genetic disorders visit a genetic counselor
- molecular genetics is a major focus of pathology research that is seeing increased use in preventative medicine
4
Q
allocation of health care resources
A
eg. a remote first nations community receives a batch of vaccines
- allocation of health care resources to vulnerable populations is guided by understanding of infectious disease pathology
5
Q
pathology
A
- The study of disease including causes and effects and different tests and procedures to determine the disease
- Thesae investigations help health care providers determine best treatments and potential outcomes for patients
- plays largest role in diagnosis of diseases
6
Q
Steps of ideal patient journey
A
1) well
2) health decline
3) triage
4) admittance
5) diagnosis
6) treatment
7) discharge
8) palliative care
9) monitoring
7
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 1-well
A
- before you become a patient you are a healthy individual
- wellness is subjective so as long as no medical assistance is required they are considered well
8
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 2-health decline
A
- decline in health is noticed.
- Factors contributing include: Genetics, infection, injury, nutrition, environment, access to care
- Patients will manage the issue alone, or with the help of a primary care team
- may need to be prescribed medication or see another health care provider
9
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 3-Triage
A
- patients might not be able to manage disease on their own
- Might decide to present themselves or be brought to the hospital
- Triage is the process of determining the severity of the disease.
–First stop for a patient is the triage nurse in the ER
– After consultation, a decision will be made to send patients home or admit them for further testing
10
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 4-admittance
A
- go see one or more specialists
reasons one may be admitted:
1) Condition too severe to send home
2) Issue with patient is not identified, cause for concern
3) Patient is stabilized but needs treatment and monitoring
11
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 5-diagnosis
A
- tests are ordered by specialists to characterize disease. This includes X-rays, MRIs etc.
- Point-of-care testing
- Results used to assess patient’s condition and then a treatment plan will be proposed
- Patients and families receive recommendations for support and counselling.
12
Q
Point-of-care testing
A
Diagnostic testing at the time and place of patient care allowing physicians to collect real time results
13
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 6-treatment
A
- once a patient knows diagnosis and prognosis, treatment options will be discussed.
- Treatment will be carried out if agreed to by patient
This can include:
- Medication
- Minimally invasive procedures
- Surgery
- Long term medical interventions
14
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 7-discharge
A
- after successful treatment, patient is monitored in hospital for a certain amount of time before they can be discharged
- Usually conditions for this release such as follow ups, prescription drug refills etc.
- Patients might lose independence or develop complications due to their illness
- Might need a support worker, home nurse or assisted living community.
15
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 8-palliative care
A
- in the case where treatment is unsuccessful or unavailable, and patients condition is terminal, the primary goal is to make patient comfortable
- Medications or procedures ordered for patients are used to relieve symptoms rather than treat the cause
16
Q
Ideal patient journey: step 9-monitoring
A
- patients are expected to check in regularly with the hospital to ensure their treatment was effective
- Follow ups might last for years and require hospital visits
- Important for doctors to ensure that patients are responding well to treatment
- Patients might be completely cured, but sometimes it might be difficult or impossible to cure the patient
- Goal is to restore a state of wellness while preventing a decline in health
17
Q
Pathology disease paradigm
A
- Etiology (cause)
- pathogenesis (mechanisms)
- biochemical changes
- morphological changes
- functional changes
- testing
- natural history (prognosis)
- treatment
- complications
18
Q
Etiology
A
root cause
19
Q
Pathogenesis (mechanisms)
A
development of disease
20
Q
biochemical changes
A
changes ion how cells and body alter in metabolism
21
Q
morphological changes
A
structural or tissue changes that occur in response to disease
- seen ay cellular or tissue level
22
Q
functional changes
A
symptoms associated with disease
23
Q
testing
A
determines if disease is present and determines the specific disease itself
24
Q
natural history
A
prognosis
- outcome of disease
25
treatment
- management or care of disease to combat it
- might be long or short term
26
complications
- short and long term disease itself and other factors that might affect disease and the patient
- might alter natural history and treatment for individuals
27
experimental learning
- learning by doing
- one of the primary methods of learning and understanding in indigenous cultures
28
Knowledge from actions
- experiential learning indicates a preference for learning through observation, action, reflection and further action
- Its a method for sharing and learning from direct experience and passing knowledge down through generations
29
Disease knowledge and treatment
- Indigenous views on disease are also rooted in experiential learning
- Generations of knowledge contains stories of symptoms being observed within members of the community, as well as effective traditional remedies
- This is applied when a member gets sick.
30
Oral Tradition and Storytelling
- A Haudenosaunee Perspective
- Collection of spoken words in the form of stories, songs, poems, prayer
31
Knowledge keepers
- young people who have good memory can be trained to become knowledge keepers responsible for passing teachings or stories onto future generations
- They remember history, treaties and other important events to the community
- They can be asked to recite historical events and speeches
32
Ceremonial Speeches
- leaders in the longhouse and the people who help them must be able to recite ceremonial speeches that have been passed down to them from previous generations
33
Storytelling
- stories are meant to teach, influence behaviour, explain things in the natural world and can simply be told for enjoyment
- Some stories require permission from a knowledge keeper, elder, or orator to be told (“right-to-tell”)
34
Indigenous Values and Ways of Learning
Reliance on language and oral communication gives Indigenous learning a deep connection to community and sense of unity to the surroundings
35
Relationality in Learning
- concepts that were all related to one another, the natural environment, and spiritual world
- Emphasizes learning in relationships with others including the land itself
36
Spirituality in Learning
- indigenous ontologies and knowledge epistemologies are rooted in views inclusive of both sacred and secular
- spiritual development or growth is an essential part of learning
37
what is one of the sacred indigenous medicines
sweetgrass
38
Common Indigenous Values in Learning
- indigenous peoples have a variety of values and teachings that are at the core of who they are and how they learn
- Groups including the Anishinaabe use the 7 Grandfather Teachings as a guide for living and way of being on earth
39
7 Grandfather Teachings
1) Courage
2) love
3) wisdom
4) respect
5) truth
6) humility
7) honesty
40
Holism
- idea systems should be viewed as a whole and not their individual parts
- thought by many indigenous people
- focus on connecting with an developing in all of these 4 dimensions through life and learning
- In terms of health, some groups express or depict directions through the medicine wheel.
41
Allyship
- recognizes unearned privilege that they receive from society's patterns of injustice
- They take responsibility for changing these patterns and educate themselves and those around them about experiences of marginalized groups
42
Bystander
Denies and ignores issues of discrimination/marginalization
43
Ally
- Educates self and others on privileges
- Speaks up and out about issues
- Actively supports social justice
- Establish meaningful relationships with non dominant groups that they wish to ally themselves with
44
Accomplice
- Works directly in a system to challenge systemic racism and discrimination
- Works alongside members of marginalized groups
45
Co-resistor
- stand together in an ensemble against oppressive forces
- Combining theory and practice by involving oneself in marginalized communities
46
cells
basic unit of life
- each has the same instructional book made up of the cell
47
tissues
groups of cells
- These can differentiate into more specialized cells that perform specific functions in the body
48
organs
collection of tissues that perform shared function
49
systems
groups of organs that work together towards a common purpose
50
Human body
body systems work together to create a fully functional human
51
Plasma membrane
- outer skin of the cell
- Contains all of the cell's organelles within it and controls what goes in and out of the cell
- Made out of a double layer of phospholipids.
- Certain molecules can pass through easily O2 and CO2 but other cant and require transporters
- Special receptors in the membrane that allow for cell communication
52
Nucleus
- contains our genome stored in the form of DNA
- Where DNA is replicated to prepare for cell division
- Site of transcription (DNA to mRNA) later becomes translation (mRNA to protein) outside of the nucleus
--Two parts of central dogma
53
Mitochondria
- produce a large amount of energy for cell
- Fats are broken down, krebs cycle takes place and site of ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation
54
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- many proteins are translated and processed
- Lipids are made
- Plays a role in transporting molecules around the cell towards their destination
55
Golgi Apparatus
processing and packaging of proteins and other cargo into vesicles before being sent to destination in or out of cell
56
Lysosomes
- a small membrane bound organelle
- digest/breakdown waste products and damaged cellular materials
- Destroy viruses and bacteria engulfed by cell
57
Endosomes
- small membrane bound organelle
- transport vesicles that sort store and organize contents inside our cells as well as those entering and exiting from the outside
58
Peroxisomes
- small membrane bound organelles
- breakdown H2O2 and reactive oxygen species as well as the molecules that produce them.
- Enzyme catalase found in peroxisomes neutralize contents in the cell
59
Cytoplasm
- fluid contained within the plasma membrane where all organelles and cell components are found
- Tightly regulated as processes require specific conditions
60
Cytoskeleton
- acts as both the skeleton and the muscular system of our cells
- Composed of filaments necessary to adding structure to the cell
- How the cell internally transports vesicles along its microtubules and actin filaments through the cytoplasm
61
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
describes flow of genetic information.
- DNA instructions are made into protein products
- replication, transcription and translation
62
Replication
cell duplicates all of its genomic DNA before dividing
63
Transcription
sequences of DNA are transcribed into RNA. different types of RNA including mRNA
64
Translation
mRNA translated into amino acid sequences which make proteins. Translation occurs in cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum
65
Gene Regulation: Expression Profiles
- Every cell in the body shares the same instruction book of DNA
- what makes cells have different functions in due to gene regulation
- Renal cells express genes necessary for the function of a kidney while melanocytes express genes that influence skin colour
66
Gene Expression Signals
- Gene regulation allows a cell to respond to internal or environmental signals
1) Stimuli: stimulus ligands bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane which triggers events
2) Cellular signaling: bound receptor activates cellular signaling
3) Signalling protein that travels into the nucleus to upregulate transcription
4) Transcriptional upregulation: increase in transcription is shown producing mRNA
5) Translation: mRNA is translated, producing a protein
6) Secretion: mature protein is secreted from the cell
67
Mutations
- changes in the DNA sequence of a cell. Causes can include DNA damages or errors in replication
- Cellular mechanisms capable of restoring mutation back to original sequence called DNA repair
- If these measures fail, new sequence can lead to changes in amino acid sequences in the protein which can lead to disease in the body due to altered function
68
cell cycle
- Gap 0 phase
- Gap 1 phase
- S phase
- Gap 2 phase
- mitosis
69
Gap 0 phase
- not part of the cell cycle. Phase that cells enter when they are not dividing. Said to be quiescent of resting.
- Nerve and muscle cells found in G0
70
Gap 1 phase
- cells are active and growing but not yet dividing. Must pass through a checkpoint to start division
- Majority of cell life is spent in this phase.
71
S phase
Cells replicate their entire genomes to prepare for division so each daughter cell receives 23 pairs of chromosomes
72
Gap 2 phase
last chance for cells to grow before division. DNA is checked before dividing
- Total amount of cytoplasm and other organelles increase during this phase
73
Mitosis
- reorganized for division. Protein synthesis is halted, nucleus dissolves and organelles are all reorganized. - Once chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, organelles reform
- This process ends with cytokinesis when the cell is split into two separate cells
74
can stem cells be asymmetric?
yes, two daughter cells can be genetically identical, but their gene expression will be different. Stem cells are an example of this
75
Stem cells
specialized cells that can divide to produce new stem cells. Process is called self renewal and can happen over several cycles
76
Progenitor cells
Stem cells differentiate into these cells. Have the potential to divide and differentiate into many other cell types (multipotential)
77
Differentiation
progenitor cells divide to replace specialized cells that are damaged or lost and must commit to only one differentiated cell type.
*cannot de differentiate back into stem cells*
78
Tissue renewal
tissues are continuously dividing to replace dead cells. Examples include blood cells, skin cells and cells lining the gut
- Their stem cells are constantly proliferating to replace these cells
79
Necrosis
- caused by severe lack of resources necessary for life like oxygen, or due to severe trauma like freezing or physical injury
- Results in release of harmful chemicals like reactive oxygen species and enzymes which can cause inflammation and damages to surrounding tissue
80
Apoptosis
- carefully regulated process where the cell breaks down in a controlled manner and body disposes of released cell components without causing inflammation
- Occurs commonly in natural development process when fetus loses webbing between finger in the womb
