Module 1

Question 1

Classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy

Answer 1

Socrates

Question 2

Known for his method of inquiry in testing ideas called Socratic Method

Answer 2

Socrates

Question 3

The idea is tested by asking a series of questions to determine underlying beliefs and the extent of knowledge to guide the person toward better understanding.

Answer 3

Socratic Method

Question 4

• The soul is immortal
• The care of the soul is the task of philosophy
• Virtue is necessary to obtain happiness

Answer 4

Socratic Ideas

Question 5

(the examination of one’s self) and question about how one ought to live one’s life are very important concerns because only by knowing yourself can you hope to improve your life

Answer 5

Self-knowledge by socrates

Question 6

Two Kinds of existence:

Answer 6

-Visible
-Invisible

Question 7

Changes; the body

Answer 7

Visible

Question 8

Remains constant; the kind that is invisible to humans yet sensed and understood by the mind (soul)

Answer 8

Invisible

Question 9

• The goal of life is to be happy.
• The virtuous man is a happy man and that virtue alone is the one and only supreme good that will secure his/her happiness
• Virtue
• Moral excellence
• An individual is considered virtuous if his/her character is made up of
  the moral qualities that are accepted as virtues.

Answer 9

Socrates

Question 10

• Student of Socrates.
• Philosophical method is Collection
  and Division

Answer 10

Plato

Question 11

A method done by collecting all generic ideas that seemed to have common characteristics and then divided them into different kinds until the subdivision of ideas became specific.

Answer 11

Collection and Division

Question 12

Wrote “Theory of Forms”

Answer 12

Plato

Question 13

Asserted that the physical world is not really the “real” world because the ultimate reality exists beyond it.

Answer 13

Theory of Forms

Question 14

The most divine aspect of the human being.

Answer 14

Soul by plato

Question 15

3 parts of soul

Answer 15

• Appetitive (sensual)
• Rational (reasoning)
• Spirited (feeling)

Question 16

-One of the Latin Fathers of the Church, one of the most significant Christian thinkers.
-Deeply influenced by Plato’s ideas and adopted Plato’s concept of self as an immaterial (but rational) soul.

Answer 16

St. Augustine

Question 17

-Asserted that “forms” were concepts existing within the perfect and eternal God where the soul belonged.
-The soul held the Truth and was capable of scientific thinking
-The human being is both the soul and body

Answer 17

St. Augustine

Question 18

An inner, immaterial “I” that had self-knowledge and self-awareness.

Answer 18

Self (St. Augustine)

Question 19

3 aspects of the self/soul:

Answer 19

• Able to be aware of itself
• Recognizes itself as a holistic one
• Aware of its unity.

Question 20

“Everything related to the physical world belongs to the physical body, and if a person concerns himself/herself with this physical world…he will not be different from animals

Answer 20

St. Augustine

Question 21

Man is similar to God as regards to his mind and its ability…incorrect
usage of it would lose his/her possibility to reach real and lasting
happiness.

Answer 21

St. Augustine

Question 22

*Philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is considered as the father of modern Western philosophy.
* Philosophical method is Hyperbolical/ metaphysical doubt
or methodological skepticism

Answer 22

Rene Descartes

Question 23

• A systematic process of being skeptical about the truth of one’s beliefs in order to determine which beliefs could be ascertained as true.

Answer 23

Hyperbolical/ metaphysical doubt
or methodological skepticism

Question 24

• Human senses could be fooled.
• There was only one thing we could be sure of in this world, and that was everything that could be doubted.

Answer 24

Rene Descartes

Question 25

A principal tool of disciplined inquiry.

Answer 25

Doubt

Question 26

“Cogito ergo sum” translated as ___

Answer 26

“I think, therefore I am.”

Question 27

Constant; it is not prone to change, and it is not affected by time. * Only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time * The immaterial soul is the source of our identity.

Answer 27

Self by Rene Descartes

Question 28

The immaterial substance (soul) possesses a body and is so intimately bound by the self and forms a union with the body but still distinct from each other.

Answer 28

Cartesian Dualism

Question 29

- Conscious thinking substance that is unaffected by time - Know only to itself - Not made up of parts

Answer 29

Soul by Rene Descartes

Question 30

- Material substance that changes through time - Can be doubted - Made up of physical, quantifiable divisible parts

Answer 30

Body by Rene Descartes

Question 31

* Philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. * Expanded Descartes’ definition of the self to include the memories of thinking thing.

Answer 31

John Locke

Question 32

Identified with consciousness and consists of sameness of consciousness.

Answer 32

Self by John Locke

Question 33

A person’s memories provide a continuity of experience that allows him/her to identify himself/herself as the same person over time

Answer 33

John Locke

Question 34

Self is the same self in the passing of time, thus held accountable for past behaviors he/she can only remember.

Answer 34

Defense of accountability

Question 35

* Philosopher, historian and economist who is best known for his philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. * Opponent of Descartes’ Rationalism

Answer 35

David Hume

Question 36

Reason, rather than experience, is the foundation of all knowledge

Answer 36

Rationalism

Question 37

The origin of all knowledge is sense experience

Answer 37

Empiricism

Question 38

- Described the self or person as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a very fast and successive manner- ”self as a perpetual flux” - The self is merely made up of successive impressions.

Answer 38

Bundle theory

Question 39

2 divisions of mind’s perceptions:

Answer 39

- Impressions - Ideas

Question 40

* Nothing but a series of incoherent impressions received by the senses. * Does not exist because man’s perception are only active for as long as he/she is conscious. * A passive observer; whereby the total annihilation of the self comes at “death.”

Answer 40

Self (David Hume)

Question 41

* Considered the most influential thinker of the Enlightenment era and one of the greatest Western philosophers of all times. * His works are especially those on **epistemology, aesthetics and ethics**

Answer 41

Immanuel Kant

Question 42

Related to spiritual or nonphysical realm.

Answer 42

Transcendental

Question 43

2 Kinds of consciousness of self by Immanuel Kant:

Answer 43

* Consciousness of oneself and one’s psychological states; and * Consciousness of oneself and one’s states by performing acts of apperception.

Question 44

The mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he or she already possesses.

Answer 44

Apperception

Question 45

*2 components of the self by Immanuel kant:

Answer 45

- Inner self - Outer self

Question 46

The self by which you are aware of the alterations in your own state

Answer 46

Inner self

Question 47

Includes your senses and the physical world.

Answer 47

Outer self

Question 48

A neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.

Answer 48

Sigmund Freud

Question 49

A clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Answer 49

Psychoanalysis

Question 50

He developed psychoanalysis which answered questions about the human psyche.

Answer 50

Sigmund Freud

Question 51

The totality of the human mind, both conscious and unconscious

Answer 51

Human psyche

Question 52

3 levels of consciousness

Answer 52

- Conscious - Pre-conscious/subconscious - Unconscious

Question 53

Awareness of present perceptions, feelings, thoughts, memories and fantasies at any particular moment

Answer 53

Conscious

Question 54

Data that can readily be brought to consciousness.

Answer 54

Pre-conscious/ subconscious

Question 55

Data retained but not easily available to the individual’s conscious awareness or scrutiny

Answer 55

Unconscious

Question 56

Existence of the unconscious as: * A repository for traumatic repressed memories, and * The source of anxiety-provoking drives that is socially unacceptable to the individual.

Answer 56

Sigmund Freud

Question 57

A personality theory based on the notion that an individual get motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and the rational thought.

Answer 57

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 58

3 parts of the psyche/mind:

Answer 58

- Id - Ego - Superego

Question 59

Operates on the pleasure principle

Answer 59

Id

Question 60

Achievement of demands

Answer 60

Pleasure

Question 61

Denial of the desires/demands

Answer 61

Unpleasant feeling/feeling of tension

Question 62

Operates according to the reality principle

Answer 62

Ego

Question 63

Use to ward off unpleasant feelings of anxiety due to the failure to use reality principle.

Answer 63

Defense mechanisms

Question 64

Operates according to the moral principle

Answer 64

Superego

Question 65

2 systems of superego

Answer 65

- Conscience - Ideal self

Question 66

Guilt feeling

Answer 66

Conscience

Question 67

The imaginary picture of how you ought to be.

Answer 67

Ideal self

Question 68

20th Century British philosopher, and professor who produced a critique on Descartes’ idea that the mind is distinct from the body.

Answer 68

Gilbert Ryle

Question 69

Rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states

Answer 69

Gilbert Ryle

Question 70

Distinction between mind and matter

Answer 70

Category-mistake

Question 71

* The relation between mind and body are not isolated processes * Mental processes are intelligent acts, and are not distinct from each other. * The operation of the mind is itself an intelligent act. * Distinct self is not real. * One’s sense of self is obtained through his/her behaviors and actions.

Answer 71

Gilbert Ryle

Question 72

* Philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. * Philosophy stands on a materialistic view

Answer 72

Paul Churchland

Question 73

* Nothing but matter exists. * Viewed the immaterial, unchanging soul/self not existing because it cannot be experienced by the senses.

Answer 73

Materialistic view

Question 74

People’s common-sense understanding of the mind is false and certain classes of mental states do not exist.

Answer 74

Eliminative materialism

Question 75

It originated from the brain itself and that self is a product of electrochemical signals produced by the brain

Answer 75

Sense of self

Question 76

Phenomenological philosopher and author.

Answer 76

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Question 77

An “embodied subjectivity”

Answer 77

Self

Question 78

To give a body (to an immaterial substance)

Answer 78

Embodied

Question 79

The state of being a subject

Answer 79

Subjectivity

Question 80

An entity that possesses conscious experiences and affects some other entities called as “object”

Answer 80

Subject

Question 81

* The study of people, past and present. * Focuses on understanding the human condition in its cultural aspect. * Concerned with how humans evolved and how they differ from one another.

Answer 81

Anthropology

Question 82

Anthropologist and professor * Self as a unit but unitary

Answer 82

Katherine Ewing

Question 83

Encompasses the “physical organism which possesses psychological functioning and social attributes.

Answer 83

Self as a unit but unitary

Question 84

Neuroscientist who conceptualized the implicit and explicit aspects of the self. - Self is not static

Answer 84

Joseph LeDoux

Question 85

The self that a person is consciously aware of.

Answer 85

Explicit self

Question 86

* Self that is not available in one’s consciousness.

Answer 86

Implicit Self

Question 87

Self as representation

Answer 87

Illusory

Question 88

Culturally shaped “self” concepts that one applies to oneself

Answer 88

Self representation

Question 89

Self is culturally shaped and infinitely variable

Answer 89

Self embedded in culture

Question 90

An interpretation of the meaning of something.

Answer 90

Construal

Question 91

The characteristic of individualistic culture

Answer 91

Independent construct

Question 92

Typical of the collectivist culture stressing the essential connection between the individual to other people

Answer 92

Interdependent construct

Question 93

A developmental psychologist who believed that culture can influence how people view: * Relationship * Personality traits * Achievement * Expressing Emotions

Answer 93

Catherine Raeff

Question 94

the element that enjoys sensual experiences

Answer 94

appetitive (sensual)

Question 95

the element that forbids the person to enjoy sensual experiences

Answer 95

rational (reasoning)

Question 96

the element that is inclined toward reason but understand the demand of passion

Answer 96

spirited (feeling)