Module 1

Question 1

What is the LIO?

Answer 1

‘an open, rule-based system in which states trade and cooperate to achieve mutual gains’ (John Ikenberry2009)Heated debate on the LIO –geographical scope? Its emergence? Whether its principles are shared? *But it is a descriptive concept (describes the actual organization of relations between a given of set of states) AND normative concept (it prescribes how a well-organized international system oughtto be)

Question 2

LIO 4 key elements

Answer 2

-Free trade-Post-war multilateral institutions-The growth of democracy-Liberal values7

Question 3

What is changing in the LIO?

Answer 3

Polarisation without multilateralism.’
Multiplex world.
New and emerging threats: challenges to order and stability have become more complex.

Question 4

Multiplex world

Answer 4

Absence of global hegemony by any single nationProliferation of actors that matter to international relations, not just great powers, middlle powers but also non-state actorsA broader pattern of interdependence, covering not just trade, but also investment flows, production networks, supply chains and common transnational challengesPluralizing global governance architecture (density of durable international and regional institutions)*A cultural, ideological and political diversity, providing different pathways to stability, peace and prosperity.

Question 5

New and emerging threats in the current global environment

Answer 5

Displaced people, climate change, conflict, nuclear proliferation, cybersecurity, disinformation, terrorism, energy security, autocratization. Good governance and democracy are in decline at a global scale.

Question 6

EU and the LIO

Answer 6

*“Resilience”: key political term to define the EU’s response to shocks and crises.-“Crisis” for the EU: What does it mean?-For the EU, a crisis is understood as an ‘extraordinary moment of urgency anduncertainty that poses an immediate threat to the proper functioning of the policydomain challenged by the crisis in one or more EU member states’ (Federico Maria Ferrara and HanspeterKriesi, 2022)-the crisis for European integration is both as a point in timethat involves a shock to an entity, but also as a processsince this point in time or the (non-)response impinges on subsequent modes of governance or ‘ways of doing’ in the EU(Brackand Gürkan2021)

Question 7

Resilience and the EU

Answer 7

-No accepted definition-Its content has changed between 2012 and 2022: fromaddressing crises elsewhere tothe management of crises, especially in the neighbourhood, and then to the EU’s own resilience.19

Question 8

NATO

Answer 8

Since the birth of NATO (1949), two distinct periods with different strategic thinking:1949-1991: Defence, deterrence & after mid 1970s dialogue & détente1991-2010: Broader approach to security (cooperation and security,Counter-terrorism, out of area operations, hybrid warfare, WMD)2014-onwards: Defence & deterrenceNATO’s Stategic Concept 202225

Question 9

Strategic compass - the EU

Answer 9

Launched in a context of growing ambition in security and defenceFor the first time a strategy for EU security and defence anchored on a shared threat assessment *SC includes a detailed analysis of the EU’s strategic environment, aims to improve coherence and coordination of the EU’s security and defence policies, and acts as a guide for action with goals and timelines.

Question 10

Focus of Strategic compass

Answer 10

1.ACT –EU’s crisis management capabilities, including through EU Rapid Deployment Capability and working with partners through EPF2.SECURE –Protecting EU citizens and institutions from threats (Cyber Defence Policy, Hybrid toolbox to combat foreign interference, increase reliance to climate change…)3.INVEST –Invest more and better in defence capabilities4.PARTNER –Essential instrument to support the EU’s ambition to be global strategic player.26