Module 1 Flashcards
What are the 3 Types of Studies?
- Qualitative
- Quantitative
- Mixed Methods
What is Statistics?
“a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data”
What is a Variable?
A characteristic that take on different values (measurable or observable) (i.e., it must have variability).
WHAT are you measuring? HOW are you measuring it? WHAT units?
What is an Independent Variable (IV) ?
What are other names for the IV?
The variable that is manipulated.
AKA Predictory or Explanatory
What is the Dependent Variable (DV)?
What are other names for the IV?
Variable affected by the IV
AKA Criterion, Response or Outcome
What is the Scientific Method?
A method of investigation that uses the objective and systematic collection and analysis of empirical data to test theories and hypotheses
What is Empirical Data?
Empirical data comes from direct observation or measurement, and it is verifiable
What are the 5 Stages of the Scientific Method?
- Develop a Research Hypothesis to be tested
- Collect Data
- Analyze Data
- Draw a Conclusion related to the Hypothesis
- Communicate Results
What characteristics does a research hypothesis have? (3)
- Identifies the variables
- Identifies the nature and direction of the relationship
- Presents an educated prediction that can be tested
Directional vs Non Directional
What is a Research Hypothesis?
A statement about the predicted or expected relationship between the variables in the study (mainly words)
What is a Statistical Hypothesis?
A statement about the hypothesized population parameters being tested (mainly mathematical symbols)
- Null Hypothesis
- Alternative Hypothesis
Differentiate between Research and Statistical Hypotheses.
Statistical hypothesis: Focuses on a specific, measurable statement that can be tested with data.
For example, “The average height of adults in a city is 5’7”.” It’s used in hypothesis testing in statistics to either accept or reject based on data.
Research hypothesis: A broader, theory-driven prediction about relationships between variables.
For example, “The average height of adults in a city is 5’7”.” It’s used in hypothesis testing in statistics to either accept or reject based on data.
For example, “People who exercise regularly have lower stress levels.” It’s formulated before the research begins and is based on theory or previous studies.
Directional vs Non-Directional Alternative Hypothesis
Differentiate between a Sample and a Population.
A population is the entire group of individuals or items that you want to study or make conclusions about. For example, all adults in a city.
A sample is a subset of the population, selected to represent the population in a study. For example, 100 adults from that city.