module 1

Question 1

Deffinition of evolution

Answer 1

the change in populations and species over time

Question 2

patterns in nature that species have changed over time

Answer 2

1. species composisitons have changed
   Evidence: fossils
2. species are related
   Evidence: resemblances between species(structural developmental and genetic)

Question 3

why are fossils said to show a pattern that species change over time?

Answer 3

fossils show species composition changed through time

Question 4

why does homology show species have changed over time?

Answer 4

homology show species share striking similarities

Question 5

who published the orgin of species

Answer 5

charels darwin

Question 6

who came across the idea of natural selection first

Answer 6

Alfred Russel Wallace before charels darwin published

Question 7

who came up with the principles of inheritance?

Answer 7

Mendel

Question 8

the logical processs of natural selection

Answer 8

individual organisms vary in traits that are haritable by offspring. only a subset of individuals servive the survivors are said to have an advantage.

Question 9

If traits that produce and advantage are said to be haritable then,

Answer 9

The frequency of individuals carring that trait will increase with respect to individuals not carrying the trait.

Question 10

natural selection acts on …

Answer 10

individuals

Question 11

Evolutionary change occurs…

Answer 11

in populations

Question 12

deffinition of selection pressure:

Answer 12

selection pressure: external factors in a particular enviorment that affect individuals ability to survive.

Question 13

negitive selection pressure:

Answer 13

negative selection pressure : disadvantage for individuals with particular trait-> leads to a decrease in occurence of that trait

Question 14

possitive selection pressure:

Answer 14

possitive selection pressure: advantage for individuals with particular trai-> leads to an increase in occurence of that trait.

Question 15

meaning of fitness in the context of evolution and natural selection

Answer 15

how many offspring an individual produces

Question 16

adaptation:

Answer 16

adaptation: heritable trait the increases the fitness of an intividual with that trait relative to individuals that do not have that trait

Question 17

constraints on adaptations

Answer 17

time
trade-offs
historical constraints

Question 18

adaptive radiation can occur when

Answer 18

evolution occurs rapidly causing new ecological niches to become avalible

Question 19

female reproduction is limited by

Answer 19

acess to resources

Question 20

male reproductionn is limited by

Answer 20

acess to females

Question 21

the two types of displays used to choose a mate

Answer 21

morphological and behavioral

Question 22

natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution that results in…

Answer 22

adaptations and leads to increased average fitness of the population

Question 23

allel frequency changes are or are not adaptive

Answer 23

not adaptive

Question 24

in ____ populations genetic drift can be much more pronounced

Answer 24

small

Question 25

the founder effect is…

Answer 25

when a subset of the original population immigrate to a new area and establish a new population

Question 26

populationn bottleneck is

Answer 26

when there is a subben restriction in population size and only a small random selection of alleles survive

Question 27

drift after population bottleneck leads to

Answer 27

a random subset of alles survive

Question 28

gene flow

Answer 28

when one population migrates into another population and equelizes allele frequencies

Question 29

what is a phylogeny?

Answer 29

a depiction of the evolution history of a group of organisms

Question 30

topology:

Answer 30

the branching pattern of the phylogenetic tree

Question 31

branch length on a phylogenetic tree represents

Answer 31

the amount of evolution that has taken place along a branch

Question 32

monophyletic group

Answer 32

share a common ancestor that is exclusive to this group

Question 33

paraphyly:

Answer 33

one/few taxa not inclided in group descendeed from common ancestor

Question 34

polyphyly:

Answer 34

common ancestor not exclusive

Question 35

polytomies:

Answer 35

branching pattern is unresolved

Question 36

unrooted trees

Answer 36

lack a root and cannot determine order in time of internal nodes

Question 37

when comparing phylogenetic data

Answer 37

1. sample DNA/RNA locus
2. remember homologous genes are inherited
3. construct an alignment