Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASBOG Prep > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

Learn

1
Q

Applied Geology- Environmental Scientists

A

Assist in designing environmental restoration efforts (river restoration and mine reclamation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Applied Geology- Engineering Geology

A

Work with Civil Engineers to select dam sites, design transportation corridors, manage unstable slopes, manage fault zones, and design civil structures in areas of high seismicity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Applied Geology- Hydrogeologist

A

Assist in developing and managing water resources, search for groundwater, solve water quality issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Applied Geology- Economic Geologist

A

Searches for oil and gas reservoirs, assists petroleum engineers in the design of extraction operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Coastal/Marine Geologist

A

Worry about changes to coastal environment, assists civil engineers in the design of coastal structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Geologic Time Scale (Names, Order, Hierarchy, Earth’s Age, Specific dates if you can remember)

A

Don’t memorize Hadean (Photo is Time Scale on desktop)
Periods within Paleozoic: Camille ordered six dozen mrs. Penny Perms
Periods within Mesozoic: Trex jokes Creatively
Periods within Cenozoic: Pale Neo’s Quarrel
Epochs (3-22 distribution): Pals eor and oli, mid plight, play hopscotch

Time values (mill years): 4600 Earth age, 2500, 550 Paleozoic Begins, 2.5 Quaternary starts and weather deteriorates; central america rises and cuts off circulation from atlantic to pacific, .01

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Significant Events-Earth Age, oldest rocks, early life

A

4600 mill years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2500 mill years ago

A

proterozoic begins; unicellular organisms help oxygen fill atmosphere to 10% around 2000 mill years ago; causes significant oxidation event in waters, leads to formation of banded iron formations (majority of iron in US)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

550 mill years ago

A

Paleozoic Begins, mississipian and pennsylvanian (mostly p) comprise carboniferous, which is responsible for oil deposits and natural gas; Marine invertebrates evolve to have a hard shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

250 million years ago

A

Mesozoic Begins, Dinosaurs evolve, Encourages evolution of birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

65 million years ago

A

Cenozoic begins, Dinosaurs go extinct due to huge meteor impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2.5 million years ago

A

Quaternary begins, weather begins to deteriorate, glacial ice begins, central america rises, atlantic and pacific are cut off triggering pleistocene glaciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

11,500 years ago

A

Modern Era, Holocene Begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

60 million years ago

A

Mammals “radiate” into several groups and families from a few initial groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 Million years ago

A

Evolution of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Relative Order of Events- Superposition

A

In sed or volc deposits, lower units are older.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Relative Order of Events- Original Horizantality and Continuity

A

Sedimentary and volcanic are usually laid down horizantally. Dip in the bed indicates deformation after deposition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Relative Order of Events-Principle of cross cutting relationships

A

When a rock (Dike or intrusion) or discontinuity (fault or erosional surface) cuts into another rock, the cut one is older.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Relative Order of Events- Principle of Fossil succession

A

Order of fossil availability is consistent throughout the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

NA History (Paleozoic)- Cambrian-Ordovician

A

Laurentia well developed, Canada and Northern United States surrounded by shallow sands and limestones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Laurentia

A

Craton that forms the geological core on NA Continent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

NA History (Paleozoic)-Silurian-Devonian

A

Subduction zone forms to the west. A back arc basin forms which accumulates black shale. Today, this stratigraphy is the source of shale oil. Additionally, The Appalachian mountains rise in the east, and develop turbidites.

23
Q

NA History (Paleozoic)-Carboniferous and Permian

A

Subduction continues to the west; Island arcs “wedged” onto the North American plate, forming multiple exotic terranes. Gondwanaland (SA and Africa) was near south pole. Carboniferous glaciation there causes ice and advance and retreat around 100 times. When ice advances, sea level drops and coastal marshes cover continental platform. When ice retreats, sea levels rise and get covered by marine sediments, and become coal. These coal deposits are mined by petroleum engineers today (Texas is a big one). Appalachian mountains continue to form. Laurentia, Eurasia and Gondwanaland coalesce/come together in Permian.

24
Q

Orogeny

A

Major Deformation Event; Mountain formation event when 2 plates collide

25
Q

NA Continent Geo History-North American Paleozoic Orogenys (West and East)

A

West includes Antler and Sonoma
East includes Taconic, Acadian and Alleghenian

26
Q

NA History (Mesozoic)-Triassic

A

Pangea forms, Arid conditions. A rift zone forms paralell to what would become the east coast of NA

27
Q

NA History (Mesozoic)-Jurassic

A

Mild conditions. Dinosaurs evolution radiates. Atlantic Ocean arms out and opens. Gulf of Mexico invaded by ocean and then cut off several times. The water evaporated forming a thick layer of the evaporite Gypsum. Salt domes there provide a source of oil and gas. Western subduction zone continues. Franciscan melange forms. Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous forms Nevadan Orogeny, which forms Nevadan mountains. NOT SIERRA NEVADA

28
Q

Franciscan Melange

A

Melange-Geological formation distinguished by having a mixture of different types of broken up rocks.
Franciscan melange- A feature of the subduction of Farallon beneath North American Plate. It is a mixture of deep ocean sediment and volcanic material that was shoved onto the North American Plate.

29
Q

Nevadan Orogeny

A

Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, formed Nevadan Mountains. SIERRA NEVADAN IS LATE CENOZOIC

30
Q

NA History (Mesozoic)-Cretaceous

A

Hot and Humid conditions. Sea level rises and invades central North America to form Interior Seaway. Marshes flank the seaway, later forming coal deposits. Franciscan mélange continues to grow. Meteorite impact at the end of Cretaceous

31
Q

Fossil dominance in Paleozoic vs Mesozoic

A

Paleozoic is Trilobites, Mesozoic is Amonites

32
Q

NA History (Cenozoic)- Evolution and Radiation major players

A

radiation of mammals (whales), flowering plants, herbs and grasses, song birds, primates (homo-sapiens)

33
Q

NA History (Cenozoic)-Eocene

A

Warm period causes sea level rise, glaciers gone, causes epicontinental seaway in central california. Sevier and Laramide orogenys on west coast

34
Q

NA History (Cenozoic)-Oligocene

A

San Andreas strike slip fault (AKA transform margin) begins, replacing the Subduction zone between Pacific and North American plate (Farallon had basically all subducted beneath NA Plate now)

35
Q

NA History (Cenozoic)-Miocene

A

Isostatic uplift of several mountain ranges begin (Nevadan, Appalachian, Western Cordillera)

36
Q

NA History (Cenozoic)-Pliocene

A

Isostatic uplift of Sierra Nevada in California (This process is still ingoing)

37
Q

NA History (Cenozoic)-Pleistocene

A

Ice Age. Continental ice sheets over Northern United States and Canada alternate between extending and retreating.

38
Q

Remote Sensing: What is it, ranges of electromagnetic radiation observed, what vehicle are these recorded from, What is Active remote sensing

A

Observation of Earth’s features without making contact (Geophysics is when contact is made), ranges include ultraviolet, blue, green, red, and near-infrared. Active remote sensing is when a pulse of radiation (laser light or radar) is sent and the time it takes the radiation to reflect and come back is recorded. Lidar can easily remove the vegetation and thus is commonly used to map terrains.

39
Q

Anticline and Syncline

A

Anticline and Synclines are types of folds in the crust that result from compressional deformation. Anticlines form an A shape, with oldest in the middle. Synclines form a U shape, with youngest in the middle.

40
Q

True Dip vs Apparent Dip Angle

A

True dip is observed when the cross section is perpendicular to the strike. Apparent dip is when the cross section isn’t perpendicular.

41
Q

Quadrant method of Strike Dip measurement

A

You write if it is angled closer to north or south, then list how many degrees offset it is toward west or east. For example, N30E. The Dip is measured in the approximate direction is trends toward followed by the dip angle. For example, 40 SE. In total, it amounts to N30E/40 SE

42
Q

Azimuth method of Strike Dip measurement

A

Azimuth method involves describing the angle from North clockwise. So N30E is just 30.

43
Q

Dip Dip measurement

A

Dip Dip measurement refers to describing the Azimuth angle of the dip direction, followed by the dip angle. If a dip direction has an azimuth angle measurement of 120, and has 40 degrees dip, the dip dip measurement is 120/40.

44
Q

What does a maps scale being 1:24,000 mean? What about 1:50,000?

A

1:24,000 means 1 INCH on the map is 24,000 INCHES, or 2000 FEET on the ground. 1:50,000 means 1 CENTIMETER is 50,000 CENTIMETERS on the ground, or 400 METERS

45
Q

Vertical Exaggeration

A

When the vertical scale is elongated to make it easier to see changes in elevation. It is calculated by dividing vertical exaggeration over horizantal exaggeration. Keep in mind when it says horizantal scale is 1:400,000 that comes out to be 1/400,000 and if vertical scale is 1:20,000 the resulting equation is (1/20000)/(1/400000)=400000/20000=20. This can be confusing because the horizontal value is now on top.

46
Q

Rule of V’s

A

Example image in folder!
V dips upstream:
blunter (lower angle than topography lines)=dips upstream
sharper (angle more than topography lines)=dips downstream
Equal (angle consistent with topography)=horizontal bedding
V dips upstream:
Bedding dips sharply downstream
No V:
Bedding is vertical (contact goes straight across stream)
Bedding angle is same as slope angle (contact runs parallel to stream on either side)

47
Q

Types of faults

A

Normal: Hanging wall slides down (extensional)
Reverse: Hanging wall pushes up (compressional)
Strike Slip (Right, left lateral): Blocks move past one another laterally
Oblique: Combination of vertical and horizontal movement
Thrust Fault: Similar to reverse fault, but with a shallow fault plane (<45 degrees)

48
Q

Types of unconformities

A

Unconformity: Sedimentary rock deposited on older sedimentary rock that is at a different angle.

49
Q

Geophysics-Seismic Refraction

A

Does not work when a less dense rock underlies denser rock. If you have inverted stratigraphy, for example.
Hammer blows generates a series of soundwaves/elastic waves (deforms material temporarily as it passes) that propogate until they contact a material of high density, after which they bounce at an angle back at the surface where we await with geophones placed along the earths crust. Check the examples for review. Formulas include v=d/t, or the inverse slope of a time distance chart. The slope should change when it hits a denser material

50
Q

Geophysics- Seismic Reflection

A
51
Q

Are oil deposits found in an anticline or syncline?

A

Anticline, it kind of houses it.

52
Q

Geophysics- Resistivity

A
53
Q
A

ASBOG Prep (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions