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BMSC 200 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

That you are able to utilize the biomolecular building blocks from a grapefruit to create biomolecules within your body reflects what

A

The unity of biochemistry

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2
Q

Geometric isomers emerge as a consequence of:

A

Double bonds

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3
Q

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states:

A

that there is a natural tendency towards increasing disorder

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4
Q

The bioavailability of which chemical element is most limiting to human population growth?

A

Nitrogen

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5
Q

A new drug is being evaluated in test tube experiments. This is called an ____ experiment.

A

In vitro

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6
Q

Which category of biomolecules involves aggregates rather than polymers?

A

Lipids

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7
Q

What is the unity of biochemistry

A

all organisms use a common repertoire of building blocks to create common categories of biomolecules

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8
Q

What are the common repertoires of building blocks

A

proteins
Nucleic acids
polysaccharides
lipids

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9
Q

What are the 4 elements that make up 98% of most organisms

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

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10
Q

All known life forms are ____ based

A

Carbon

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11
Q

Who figured out how to produce more food even with the nitrogen issue ?

A

Fritz Haber

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12
Q

why is life carbon based?

A

> Carbon is extremely versatile in terms of the number and variety of chemical bonds that it can form
It enables creation of a wide array of complex molecules.

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13
Q

what is the “next best” candidate as a chemical foundation for life

A

Silicon

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14
Q

Why are we carbon based rather than silicon ? 3

A

> carbon to carbon bonds are stronger (more stable)
more energy released on combustion of carbon carbon bonds
combustion products of carbon are soluble and remain active in biosphere

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15
Q

what is in an aldehyde group

A

C double bonded to O and single bonded to H

C–H
II
O

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16
Q

What is a Ketone group ?

A

C double bonded to O

C = O

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17
Q

Whats in a carboxyl group?

A

C double bonded to an O and single bonded to an O

C = O
I
O

18
Q

what is a hydroxyl group?

A

O-H

19
Q

What’s an amino group ?

A

N - H
I
H

20
Q

What is an amido group ?

A

C - N - H
II I
O H

21
Q

what does a change in confirmation mean?

A

a flexible spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule (can be changed without breaking covalent bonds)

used the example of a hand and how he can move his hands without breaking his bones

22
Q

what does a change in configuration mean ?

A

fixed spatial arrangement of atoms that requires breakage of covalent bonds

23
Q

what is a geometric isomer

A

they have the same chemical formula but differ in the configuration of groups with respect to a non rotating double bonds

24
Q

what does cis groups mean?

A

on the same side of the double bond

25
Q

what does trans groups mean?

A

on opposite sides of the double bond

26
Q

What is required to go from an opposite side trans to a same side cis ?

A

the breakage of a double bond

27
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

a carbon that has 4 different substituents attached

28
Q

What is stereospecific?

A

A reaction in which the stereochemistry of the reactants controls the outcome of the reaction

29
Q

Describe the 3 advantages of constructing biologicals as polymers

A

Simplicity - there is a single unified system to be able to produce all the proteins, to be able to break them down and make new ones
Recycling - proteins can get turned over into something new
Diversity - multiple different possibilities

30
Q

What is protein?

A

linear polymers of amino acids

31
Q

what is the purpose of protein folding?

A

to get the hydrophobic molecules away from the water

32
Q

What are nucleic acids involved in?

A

aspects of storage and utilization of genetic information

33
Q

what are lipids ? like why are they different from the others ?

A

they are aggregates of building blocks instead of defined polymers

34
Q

What do lipids do?

A

energy storage, formation of membranes, and signalling

35
Q

what are possible ways to influence the microbiota (3)

A

diet, pro and prebiotics, and fecal transplants

36
Q

What is in vitro vs in vivo

A

in vitro is glass
in vivo is in the living

37
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics ?

A

total amount of energy In the universe remains constant

38
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

the total disorder of the universe is continually increasing

39
Q

what does spontaneous mean in chemical terms ?

A

it means that something will occur without the input of energy

40
Q

What does the structure of a protein dictate?

A

its biological activity

41
Q

what dictates the structure of a protein?

A

amino acid sequence

BMSC 200 (7 decks)

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