Module 1 Flashcards
Can be regarded as a type of green building applicable specifically to tropical climates, using design to optimally reduce building energy consumption
Tropical Architecture
Strategic arrangement of elements in the building and structures to respond to specific weather, sun and climate condition in Tropical regions
Tropical Design
What are the three global climatic factors?
Earth’s Rotation
Axis Inclination
Winds
is historically credited as the man who first proposed that Earth’s axis gradually shifts, though very slowly
Hipparchus of Nicea
the term used for “tilt”
Obliquity
Earth’s axis is tilted ______ from the plane of its orbit around the sun
23.44 degrees
Responsible for the Earth’ seasonal changes
Axis Inclination
The point of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the sun.
Solstices
Winter Solstice starts on
December 21st
Summer solstice starts on
June 21st
Spring Equinox starts on
March 20th
Autumnal Equinox starts on
September 22nd
When the direction of tilt and the sun are perpendicular
Equinox
It is the movement of air relative to the surface of the Earth. It plays a significant role in determining the climate and weather of a certain place.
Wind
can be found at the north and south poles, and they are cold and dry because of where it is located, which is at high latitudes; 60-90 degrees
Polar Easterlies
are located in the 30-60 degrees latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres. They blow from west to east and occur in the clement part of the Earth
Prevailing Westerlies
take direction in an east-to-west flow because of the rotation of the Earth. As air from the equator rises, it gets warmer and when it cools down, it comes back down to the equator; 0-30 degrees
Tropical easterlies
It forms when most south and northeast trade winds converge in a low-pressure zone, near the equator.
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
ITCZ are also called
“Doldrums” which means depression
a cool and dry northeast wind coming from Siberia and China and blowing down to Southeast Asia.
Amihan (Northeast monsoon)
October to late March, although occurrence may vary every year; Weakens typhoons due to lack of wind moisture
Amihan (Northeast monsoon)
frequent heavy rainfall and humid weather; the high-pressure area is on the Australian continent, and the low-pressure area is in North China, Mongolia, and Siberia.
Habagat (Southwest monsoon)
June to October (occurrence may also vary each year); Strengthens typhoon
Habagat (Southwest monsoon)
is a seasonal rain and wind pattern.
Monsoon
is from the Arabic word, “mawsim” which means season
Monsoon
Conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location for a long period of time
Climate
can change from hour -to -hour, day -to -day, month -to -month or even year -to -year
Weather
Hot with wet and dry season; 0.23.5 degrees; Tropical rainforests, closest to the equator
Tropical
Hot, mild summers and mild winters; Large mass of water
Subtropical
Short summers and long snowy winters
Subarctic
Less than 10 inches of rain per year with hot days; Plants are waxy, animals are nocturnal, evaporation exceeds precipitation
Dry
Freezing temperatures all year, always cold and dry with short cold summers; Little or no daylight in the winter
Polar
Measurement of warmth and coldness of an object or specified location with reference to some standard value.
Temperature
measures solar energy from the sun.
Solar radiation sensor
It is the amount of rain that falls in a place during a particular period. It is usually measured by the depth in inches or millimeters.
Rainfall
It is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature
Relative Humidity
shows the wind directions in a particular location. This is useful for creating natural ventilation
Wind rose
It is also called the day arc, which refers to the daily and seasonal arc -like path that the Sun appears to follow across the sky as the Earth rotates and orbits the Sun.
Sun path
is a tropical cyclone with winds of 120 km/h (74 mph) or faster that forms over the Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator.
Typhoon
The word typhoon comes from the Chinese term ________, meaning great wind
Tai fung
A typhoon usually follows three different directions, what are these?
Straight
Recuriving
Northward
are relatively small areas that differ from their surrounding regions.
Microclimates
Is the relief of an area; Slope, orientation, exposure, elevation, adjacent land masses
Topography
a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants, and is, by far, the most abundant biotic element of the biosphere.
Vegetation
its characteristics of reflectance, permeability, and soil temperature influence the microclimate.
Ground surface
human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings and parks or green space to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructures, such as water supply or energy networks.
Built environment
is related to higher summer temperatures in urban areas than in their rural surroundings.
Urban Heat Island Effect
is the planning of a piece of land to meet a development program that is efficient, expresses the site’s character,and provides appealing spaces to use.
Site Planning
Is the process of assessing a location’s physical, mental, and social qualities to design an architectural solution that addresses and enhances both the internal and external context
Site Analysis
What are the elements of site analysis?
Location
Neighboring buildings
Size and zoning
Accessibility
Topography
Views and Vistas
Sunpath
Wind Patterns
Vegetation
Utilities and Hazards
is the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight, and diffused skylight into a building to reduce electric lighting and save energy
Daylighting
It consists not just of daylight apertures, such as skylights and windows, but is coupled with a daylight-responsive lighting control system.
Daylighting Systems
Solar angular position from the North solar
Azimuth
Elevation angle from the ground
Altitude
Angle measured from the vertical to the elevation angle
Zenith
“The passively cooled urban house”, a prototype house designed by _________ in collaboration with the Ministry of
Energy
Geronimo Manahan
Design that works with the environment to exclude unwanted heat or cold and breezes
Passive design
The use of __________ principles in the tropics results in a comfortable building, and energy efficient and results in substantial savings; initial costs will be higher
passive cooling
A building design approach that addresses the problem of inducing comfort by means of equipment that consumes energy; Initial cost will be low
Active cooling
What are the principles of passive design?
Avoid heat gain
Encourage Natural Ventilation
Make use of natural light
Create Cool outdoor areas
Considerations for Passive Design
Orientation
Ventilation
Landscaping
Thermal class
Insulation
Windows
Natural Lighting
concerns the position of the building on the site as well as the arrangement of the rooms within it.
Orientation
What is the rule of convection
“Warm air rises, cool air sinks”
Shown as figure eight lines that intersect
Hour lines
Start on the eastern side of the graph and run to the western side and represent the path of the sun
Date lines
Circulation of air or replacing stale air with fresh air
Ventilation
Uses the principle of convection to induce air flow
Stack ventilation
Designing a building in a way that maximizes natural ventilation will greatly reduce the need for air conditioning
Passive ventilation
Reducing the extent of paving and other hard surfaces with vegetation.
Landscaping
External temperatures can be reduced by over __ by using ground cover or lawn
instead of paving
5°C
Is the ability to build materials to absorb, store and release heat
Thermal class
Is a system for indirect solar heat gain, it consist of a dark colored wall of high thermal mass facing the sun
Trombe wall
Controls the rate at which buildings loses or gains heat; Most effective way to reduce heat input
Insulation
Acts as a thermal mass and resists the transfer of heat; Includes materials such as mineral wool, cellulose fiber, polyester, polystyrene
Bulk Insulation
Made of actual rocks and minerals; Commonly used in building construction, industrial plants and automotive applications
Rock wool
An insulating material made from fibers of glass arranged using a binder into a texture similar to wool.
Glass wool
mainly resists heat flow due to its high reflectivity and low ability to re-radiate heat and is more effective when installed with an air layer next to the shiny surface
Reflective insulation
rates the material’s resistance to heat flow and therefore, indicates its effectiveness.
R value
The ______ the R-value, the ______ the insulating effect
higher; greater
is the heat transfer coefficient, which simply means that is a measure of an assembly’s capacity to transfer thermal energy across its thickness.
U Value
are an important way to encourage and direct airflow into a building
Windows
Has a tint applied to glass during manufacture to reduce the amount of heat transmitted through it
Tinted glass
Are thin films of metal or metal oxide that are applied to standard glass; They have the potential to create glare problems for neighboring properties
Reflective coatings
Shield windows and other glazed areas from direct sunlight
Solar shadings
A solar shading that is most effective in southern orientations
Horizontal overhangs
A solar shading that permits air circulation
Horizontal louvers parallel to wall
A solar shading that provides more sun protection
Slanted louvers
A solar shading that is most effective for eastern or western exposures
Vertical louvers
A solar shading that can provide up to 50% reduction of solar radiation
Solar blinds
combine the shading characteristics of horizontal and vertical louvers
Eggcrates or brise soleil
Maximizing the amount of natural light that enters the building can lead to significant energy savings by reducing the need for artificial lighting
Natural lighting
can provide good quality light to workspaces that are away from windows. But they need to be shaded and glazed to prevent heat transfer.
Skylight
A large open space that has glazed roof and large windows
Atrium
An architectural element that allows daylight to penetrate deeper into a building; Horizontal light reflecting overhang that is placed above eye level
Light shelves
High, vertically placed windows that are ideally north-facing
Clerestory window
Are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light
Light tubes
Is vital in passively cooled environments in hot humid localities; Moving air that hits the human body
Air movement
How many climate types does Philippines have?
four
What does PAG-ASA mean?
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
A typhoon may occur during any month of the calendar year, although the storms tend to peak between _______
May and November
A straight path is defined as a westward path; the storm will head toward the _______, the _____ of China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Philippines; south
