Module 1 Flashcards by Pamela Mariz

Can be regarded as a type of green building applicable specifically to tropical climates, using design to optimally reduce building energy consumption

Tropical Architecture

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Strategic arrangement of elements in the building and structures to respond to specific weather, sun and climate condition in Tropical regions

Tropical Design

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What are the three global climatic factors?

Earth’s Rotation
Axis Inclination
Winds

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is historically credited as the man who first proposed that Earth’s axis gradually shifts, though very slowly

Hipparchus of Nicea

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the term used for “tilt”

Obliquity

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Earth’s axis is tilted ______ from the plane of its orbit around the sun

23.44 degrees

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Responsible for the Earth’ seasonal changes

Axis Inclination

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The point of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the sun.

Solstices

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Winter Solstice starts on

December 21st

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Summer solstice starts on

June 21st

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Spring Equinox starts on

March 20th

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Autumnal Equinox starts on

September 22nd

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When the direction of tilt and the sun are perpendicular

Equinox

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It is the movement of air relative to the surface of the Earth. It plays a significant role in determining the climate and weather of a certain place.

Wind

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can be found at the north and south poles, and they are cold and dry because of where it is located, which is at high latitudes; 60-90 degrees

Polar Easterlies

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are located in the 30-60 degrees latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres. They blow from west to east and occur in the clement part of the Earth

Prevailing Westerlies

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take direction in an east-to-west flow because of the rotation of the Earth. As air from the equator rises, it gets warmer and when it cools down, it comes back down to the equator; 0-30 degrees

Tropical easterlies

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It forms when most south and northeast trade winds converge in a low-pressure zone, near the equator.

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

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ITCZ are also called

“Doldrums” which means depression

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a cool and dry northeast wind coming from Siberia and China and blowing down to Southeast Asia.

Amihan (Northeast monsoon)

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October to late March, although occurrence may vary every year; Weakens typhoons due to lack of wind moisture

Amihan (Northeast monsoon)

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frequent heavy rainfall and humid weather; the high-pressure area is on the Australian continent, and the low-pressure area is in North China, Mongolia, and Siberia.

Habagat (Southwest monsoon)

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June to October (occurrence may also vary each year); Strengthens typhoon

Habagat (Southwest monsoon)

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is a seasonal rain and wind pattern.

Monsoon

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is from the Arabic word, "mawsim" which means season

Monsoon

Conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location for a long period of time

Climate

can change from hour -to -hour, day -to -day, month -to -month or even year -to -year

Weather

Hot with wet and dry season; 0.23.5 degrees; Tropical rainforests, closest to the equator

Tropical

Hot, mild summers and mild winters; Large mass of water

Subtropical

Short summers and long snowy winters

Subarctic

Less than 10 inches of rain per year with hot days; Plants are waxy, animals are nocturnal, evaporation exceeds precipitation

Dry

Freezing temperatures all year, always cold and dry with short cold summers; Little or no daylight in the winter

Polar

Measurement of warmth and coldness of an object or specified location with reference to some standard value.

Temperature

measures solar energy from the sun.

Solar radiation sensor

It is the amount of rain that falls in a place during a particular period. It is usually measured by the depth in inches or millimeters.

Rainfall

It is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature

Relative Humidity

shows the wind directions in a particular location. This is useful for creating natural ventilation

Wind rose

It is also called the day arc, which refers to the daily and seasonal arc -like path that the Sun appears to follow across the sky as the Earth rotates and orbits the Sun.

Sun path

is a tropical cyclone with winds of 120 km/h (74 mph) or faster that forms over the Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator.

Typhoon

The word typhoon comes from the Chinese term ________, meaning great wind

Tai fung

A typhoon usually follows three different directions, what are these?

Straight Recuriving Northward

are relatively small areas that differ from their surrounding regions.

Microclimates

Is the relief of an area; Slope, orientation, exposure, elevation, adjacent land masses

Topography

a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants, and is, by far, the most abundant biotic element of the biosphere.

Vegetation

its characteristics of reflectance, permeability, and soil temperature influence the microclimate.

Ground surface

human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings and parks or green space to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructures, such as water supply or energy networks.

Built environment

is related to higher summer temperatures in urban areas than in their rural surroundings.

Urban Heat Island Effect

is the planning of a piece of land to meet a development program that is efficient, expresses the site's character,and provides appealing spaces to use.

Site Planning

Is the process of assessing a location's physical, mental, and social qualities to design an architectural solution that addresses and enhances both the internal and external context

Site Analysis

What are the elements of site analysis?

Location Neighboring buildings Size and zoning Accessibility Topography Views and Vistas Sunpath Wind Patterns Vegetation Utilities and Hazards

is the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight, and diffused skylight into a building to reduce electric lighting and save energy

Daylighting

It consists not just of daylight apertures, such as skylights and windows, but is coupled with a daylight-responsive lighting control system.

Daylighting Systems

Solar angular position from the North solar

Azimuth

Elevation angle from the ground

Altitude

Angle measured from the vertical to the elevation angle

Zenith

“The passively cooled urban house”, a prototype house designed by _________ in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy

Geronimo Manahan

Design that works with the environment to exclude unwanted heat or cold and breezes

Passive design

The use of __________ principles in the tropics results in a comfortable building, and energy efficient and results in substantial savings; initial costs will be higher

passive cooling

A building design approach that addresses the problem of inducing comfort by means of equipment that consumes energy; Initial cost will be low

Active cooling

What are the principles of passive design?

Avoid heat gain Encourage Natural Ventilation Make use of natural light Create Cool outdoor areas

Considerations for Passive Design

Orientation Ventilation Landscaping Thermal class Insulation Windows Natural Lighting

concerns the position of the building on the site as well as the arrangement of the rooms within it.

Orientation

What is the rule of convection

“Warm air rises, cool air sinks”

Shown as figure eight lines that intersect

Hour lines

Start on the eastern side of the graph and run to the western side and represent the path of the sun

Date lines

Circulation of air or replacing stale air with fresh air

Ventilation

Uses the principle of convection to induce air flow

Stack ventilation

Designing a building in a way that maximizes natural ventilation will greatly reduce the need for air conditioning

Passive ventilation

Reducing the extent of paving and other hard surfaces with vegetation.

Landscaping

External temperatures can be reduced by over __ by using ground cover or lawn instead of paving

5°C

Is the ability to build materials to absorb, store and release heat

Thermal class

Is a system for indirect solar heat gain, it consist of a dark colored wall of high thermal mass facing the sun

Trombe wall

Controls the rate at which buildings loses or gains heat; Most effective way to reduce heat input

Insulation

Acts as a thermal mass and resists the transfer of heat; Includes materials such as mineral wool, cellulose fiber, polyester, polystyrene

Bulk Insulation

Made of actual rocks and minerals; Commonly used in building construction, industrial plants and automotive applications

Rock wool

An insulating material made from fibers of glass arranged using a binder into a texture similar to wool.

Glass wool

mainly resists heat flow due to its high reflectivity and low ability to re-radiate heat and is more effective when installed with an air layer next to the shiny surface

Reflective insulation

rates the material’s resistance to heat flow and therefore, indicates its effectiveness.

R value

The ______ the R-value, the ______ the insulating effect

higher; greater

is the heat transfer coefficient, which simply means that is a measure of an assembly's capacity to transfer thermal energy across its thickness.

U Value

are an important way to encourage and direct airflow into a building

Windows

Has a tint applied to glass during manufacture to reduce the amount of heat transmitted through it

Tinted glass

Are thin films of metal or metal oxide that are applied to standard glass; They have the potential to create glare problems for neighboring properties

Reflective coatings

Shield windows and other glazed areas from direct sunlight

Solar shadings

A solar shading that is most effective in southern orientations

Horizontal overhangs

A solar shading that permits air circulation

Horizontal louvers parallel to wall

A solar shading that provides more sun protection

Slanted louvers

A solar shading that is most effective for eastern or western exposures

Vertical louvers

A solar shading that can provide up to 50% reduction of solar radiation

Solar blinds

combine the shading characteristics of horizontal and vertical louvers

Eggcrates or brise soleil

Maximizing the amount of natural light that enters the building can lead to significant energy savings by reducing the need for artificial lighting

Natural lighting

can provide good quality light to workspaces that are away from windows. But they need to be shaded and glazed to prevent heat transfer.

Skylight

A large open space that has glazed roof and large windows

Atrium

An architectural element that allows daylight to penetrate deeper into a building; Horizontal light reflecting overhang that is placed above eye level

Light shelves

High, vertically placed windows that are ideally north-facing

Clerestory window

Are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light

Light tubes

Is vital in passively cooled environments in hot humid localities; Moving air that hits the human body

Air movement

How many climate types does Philippines have?

four

What does PAG-ASA mean?

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

A typhoon may occur during any month of the calendar year, although the storms tend to peak between _______

May and November

A straight path is defined as a westward path; the storm will head toward the _______, the _____ of China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

Philippines; south