Module 1 Flashcards
Entrance Procedure
1) Step into the lab, ensuring the door is closed behind you.
2)Always work within designated biosafety cabinets or containment areas.
Exit Procedure
1) Remove contaminated gloves first, disposing of them properly.
2) Remove the lab coat and hang it in a designated area.
3) Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water.
Donning PPE
1) Wash hands thoroughly before putting on PPE.
2) Put on lab coat, ensuring it covers your clothing completely.
3) Wear gloves, ensuring they cover your wrists.
4) Put on eye protection (safety goggles or face shield) and a face mask or respirator if required.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Considered the Father of Microbiology, he invented the first practical microscope and observed microorganisms like bacteria and protozoa for the first time.
Doffing PPE
1) Remove contaminated gloves following the proper removal procedure.
2) Remove eye protection.
3) Remove the lab coat and place it on the hooks.
4) wash hands thoroughly.
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Coined the term “cell” after observing cork cells under a microscope, laying the foundation for cell theory
Hans and Zacharias Janssen 1595
Father and son team
claimed by later writers
to have invented a
compound microscope
20X magnification
Janssen microscope
tube
Forerunner of
compound microscope
and telescope
Galileo Galilei 1609
develops an occhiolino
or compound
microscope with a
convex and a concave
lens.
Marcello Malpighi 1660
was one of the first great
microscopists
considered the father
embryology and early
histology
observed capillaries in
1660
Ernest Abbe
Developed microscope
condenser and the higher
powered oil immersion
lens 1000x
Improved the illumination
and resolution of the
microscope
Basically he improved the
“Brightfield Microscope”
to what we use today.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
1) Aristotle (384-322 BC): Proposed the idea of spontaneous generation, suggesting that lifeless matter could transform into living organisms.
2) Francesco Redi (1626-1697): Conducted the first controlled experiment to challenge spontaneous generation using meat and flies.
3) Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Performed definitive experiments using swan-necked flasks to disprove spontaneous generation.
TSG Failure
1) John Needham’s Experiment (1745):
Setup: Boiled broth and sealed it. Microbial growth was observed.
Issue: Contamination likely occurred during sealing, leading to a flawed conclusion.
2) Lazzaro Spallanzani’s Experiment (1768):
Setup: Boiled broth, sealed flasks, and heated them to kill existing microorganisms.
Result: No microbial growth, but critics argued that sealed flasks lacked vital air.
TSG Success
1) Francesco Redi’s Experiment (1668):
Setup: Divided meat into jars. Some were covered, and some were exposed.
Result: Maggots only appeared on the exposed meat, supporting the idea of biogenesis (life from life).
2)Louis Pasteur’s Swan-Necked Flask Experiment (1861):
Setup: Broth was placed in swan-necked flasks, preventing microorganisms from entering but allowing air.
Result: No microbial growth occurred in the broth, disproving spontaneous generation.
Germ Theory of Disease (Discovery and Application)
Discovery: Germ theory transformed medicine, explaining how diseases spread and enabling the development of vaccines and antibiotics.
Applications: Understanding germ theory led to advancements in hygiene, sterilization, and disease prevention strategies.
GTD Koch 4 steps of the relationship between microorganisms and specific disease. (Postulates)
Formulation: Developed by Robert Koch, these are a series of steps to establish the causative relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease.
Criteria:
1) The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms.
2) The microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3) The cultured microorganism should cause the same disease when introduced into a healthy host.
4) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
GTD Louis Pasteur
1) Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur’s experiments with swan-necked flasks disproved spontaneous generation, reinforcing the germ theory by demonstrating that life does not arise spontaneously but from pre-existing life.
2) Vaccination: Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine, showing that weakened or killed microorganisms could be used to induce immunity, a foundational concept in immunization.
GTD Key contributions
1) Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Disproved spontaneous generation and contributed significantly to germ theory. Developed pasteurization and vaccination techniques.
2) Robert Koch (1843-1910): Developed Koch’s postulates, a set of criteria to identify the specific microorganism causing a particular disease.
How did Koch come up with the 4 Postulates
Koch developed these principles during the late 19th century while investigating the etiology (cause) of infectious diseases.
Bacteria Shapes and Arrangements
Shapes: Bacteria can be spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), or spiral. Filimentous
Arrangements: Cocci and rod (pairs (diplo-), chains (strepto-) coccibacillus,
Spiral (Vibro(bean), Spirilium(wavy), Spirochete( corkscrew))
Cocci (Staphylo(Grape like), Sarcina- tetrad x2)
Rod-Bacillus(Palisade- fence like)
filimentous( like a spiral but not as defined, not a line)
Flagella Arangements
Monotrichous- on one side
Lophotrichous- four on one side
Amphitrichous- one on each side
Peritrichous- all over like hair
Bacterial Smear
1)Use a pencil to mark a part of the slide.
2)Put a tiny drop of water on the slide.
3)Using a special technique, put a tiny bit of live bacteria in the water.
4)Use a small tool to gently mix the bacteria in a circular way, making sure they spread out evenly.
5)Let the slide air-dry in a safe area.
6)Heat the slide to attach the bacteria securely.
7)Start the staining process, following the instructions given.
Gram Stain
1)Put Bacteria on a Slide:
2)Use Purple Stain(Crystal Violet:1min
3)Add Iodine:1min
4)Wash with Alcohol:15sec
5)Use Red Stain( Safranin):30 sec
Let it Dry:
Look Under the Microscope:
Differences in Pro and Euk Cells
Nucleus:
Prokaryotic Cells: No true nucleus.
Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus.
Organelles:
Prokaryotic Cells: No membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells: Have membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
Size:
Prokaryotic Cells: Smaller.
Eukaryotic Cells: Larger.
Cell Division:
Prokaryotic Cells: Divide by binary fission.
Eukaryotic Cells: Divide by mitosis (and meiosis for sexual reproduction).
Flagella:
Prokaryotic Cells: Simpler flagella.
Eukaryotic Cells: More complex flagella made of microtubules.
Similarities of Pro and Euk
Cell Membrane: Both have a cell membrane.
Cytoplasm: Both contain cytoplasm.
Genetic Material: Both have DNA and ribosomes.
Prokaryotic cell Diagram Practice
- Cell Wall:
Function: Provides structural support and protection, defining the cell’s shape.
Diagram: Outermost layer in the cell structure. - Cell Membrane:
Function: Regulates substances entering and exiting the cell, crucial for nutrient intake and waste removal.
Diagram: Inner layer, beneath
the cell wall. - Cytoplasm:
Function: Gel-like substance where cellular activities occur, including metabolic reactions and organelle movement.
Diagram: Fills the space between the cell membrane and nucleoid. - Nucleoid:
Function: Houses genetic material (DNA), controlling cell activities and reproduction.
Diagram: Circular region within the cytoplasm. - Ribosomes:
Function: Sites of protein synthesis, reading genetic instructions and building proteins.
Diagram: Small dots in the cytoplasm or attached to the cell membrane. - Pili (Fimbriae) and Flagella:
Pili Function: Aid in surface adherence and facilitate genetic material exchange (conjugation).
Flagella Function: Enable cell movement, allowing bacteria to swim toward nutrients or away from harmful substances.
Diagram: Thin, hair-like structures on the cell surface. - Plasmid:
Function: Small, circular DNA carrying extra genetic information, e.g., antibiotic resistance genes.
Diagram: Circular structures in the cytoplasm. - Capsule:
Function: Protects against the host’s immune system and assists in surface adherence.
Diagram: Gel-like layer surrounding the cell wall. - Storage Granule:
Function: Stores nutrients, especially when resources are abundant, providing sustenance during scarcity.
Diagram: Small, dense granules in the cytoplasm. - Flagellum:
Function: Facilitates cell movement, essential for exploring environments and seeking nutrients.
Diagram: Whip-like appendage extending from the cell surface.
Kingdom 1 Animalia (Linnaeu)
Characteristics:
Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
Heterotrophic, obtaining nutrition by ingesting organic material.
Lack cell walls and are typically motile at some point in their life cycle.
Example: Mammals, birds, insects.
Kingdom 2 Plantae (linnaeu)
Characteristics:
Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
Autotrophic, producing energy through photosynthesis.
Have cell walls made of cellulose.
Example: Trees, flowers, grasses.
Kingdom 3 Fungi (Linnaeu)
Characteristics:
Multicellular, except for yeasts (unicellular fungi).
Eukaryotic cells with cell walls made of chitin.
Non-motile organisms that reproduce via spores.
Example: Mushrooms, molds, yeasts.
Kingdom 4 Protista (Linnaeu)
Characteristics:
Mostly unicellular, some are multicellular.
Eukaryotic cells with a nucleus and organelles.
Diverse group, including protozoa (single-celled animals), algae, and slime molds.
Example: Amoebas, algae, protozoans.
Kingdom 5 Monera (Linnaeu)
Characteristics:
Unicellular prokaryotes (lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Include bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
Example: Bacteria, cyanobacteria.
Kingdom 6 Archaea (Linnaeu)
Characteristics:
Unicellular prokaryotes with distinct genetic and biochemical features.
Can be extremophiles, living in extreme environments.
Genetically and biochemically different from bacteria.
Example: Methanogens, extremophiles.
Domain Bacteria:
Domain Bacteria:
Characteristics:
Unicellular prokaryotes.
Diverse and widespread, found in various environments.
Include familiar bacteria like E. coli and Streptococcus.
Example Organisms: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Bacillus subtilis.
Domain Archaea:
Domain Archaea:
Characteristics:
Unicellular prokaryotes with unique genetic and biochemical traits.
Often found in extreme environments like hot springs and salt flats.
Include extremophiles such as methanogens.
Example Organisms: Methanococcus, Halobacterium, Thermoplasma.
Domain Eukarya:
Domain Eukarya:
Characteristics:
Eukaryotic cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Highly diverse, ranging from single-celled protists to multicellular plants, animals, and fungi.
Example Organisms: Humans, oak trees, mushrooms, algae, amoebas.
Binomial nomenclature: Linnaeus developed the naming system, binomial:
Binomial nomenclature: Linnaeus developed the naming system, binomial: Genus species- know
the rules about naming bacteria, latin, capital genus, lower case species, underline, italics
DKPCOFGS
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Family Enterobacteriaceae
Genus Enterobacter
Species Cloacae
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacterales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Enterobacter
Species: Cloacae
